Mary Ashley Cain

Maternal Opioid Drug Use during Pregnancy and Its Impact on Perinatal Morbidity, Mortality, and the Costs of Medical Care in the United States

Objective. To identify factors associated with opioid use during pregnancy and to compare perinatal morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs between opioid users and nonusers. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of pregnancy-related discharges from 1998 to 2009 using the largest publicly available all-payer inpatient database in the United States. We scanned ICD-9-CM codes for opioid use and perinatal outcomes. Costs of care were estimated from hospital charges. Survey logistic regression was used to assess the association between maternal opioid use and each outcome; generalized linear modeling was used to compare hospitalization costs by opioid use status. Results. Women who used opioids during pregnancy experienced higher rates of depression, anxiety, and chronic medical conditions. After adjusting for confounders, opioid use was associated with increased odds of threatened preterm labor, early onset delivery, poor fetal growth, and stillbirth. Users were four times as likely to have a prolonged hospital stay and were almost four times more likely to die before discharge. The mean per-hospitalization cost of a woman who used opioids during pregnancy was

Perinatal outcomes and hospital costs in gastroschisis based on gestational age at delivery.

5,616 (95% CI:

The maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects of cocaine exposure in pregnancy.

5,166–

Sleep Disordered Breathing and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

6,067), compared to

Additive effects of Pre‐pregnancy body mass index and gestational diabetes on health outcomes and costs

4,084 (95% CI:

Postmortem ultrasonography of the macerated fetus complements autopsy following in utero fetal demise.

4,002–

The value of occlusive balloons in the management of abnormal placentation: A retrospective study

4,166) for nonusers. Conclusion. Opioid use during pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes and increased healthcare costs.

Sleep-disordered breathing and future cardiovascular disease risk.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between gestational age at delivery and perinatal outcomes among gastroschisis-affected pregnancies that result in live birth. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a linked maternal–infant database for more than 2.3 million liveborn neonates in Florida from 1998 to 2009. Cases were identified using a combination of International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, Clinical Modification, diagnosis and procedure codes indicative of gastroschisis. We restricted our analyses to singleton cases without another major birth defect or medical conditions that would justify early elective delivery. We categorized cases based on gestational age in weeks and compared perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: Among 1,005 neonates with gastroschisis, 324 (32.3%) were isolated, singleton cases without an additional indication for early delivery. We observed decreased rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes among those neonates delivered in the early term period (37–38 weeks of gestation) compared with preterm (less than 34 weeks of gestation); specifically, jaundice (18.5% compared with 42.3%, P=.01) and respiratory distress syndrome (5.9% compared with 23.1%, P⩽.01). As the gestational age at birth increased, we observed fewer mean number of days spent in the hospital (less than 34 weeks of gestation: 55.9, P<.01; 34–36 weeks of gestation: 51.9, P=.02; 37–38 weeks of gestation: 36.9 [reference]) and lower direct inpatient medical costs (in thousands, U.S. dollars; less than 34 weeks of gestation: 79, P=.01; 34–36 weeks of gestation: 71, P=.04; 37–38 weeks of gestation: 51 [reference]) per infant in the first year of life. CONCLUSION: In pregnancies complicated by gastroschisis, and with no other known major indications, birth at early term or later term gestation, when compared with delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, is associated with improved perinatal outcomes and lower medical costs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II

Gallstone and Severe Hypertriglyceride-Induced Pancreatitis in Pregnancy.

Despite multiple efforts to reduce the use of illicit drugs, the epidemic of addiction continues to be a significant public health issue. Through its easy availability, the number of people afflicted with this addiction continues to rise, including women of childbearing age. Secondarily, any health care crisis that occurs in this age group of women will have potential implications in pregnancy, infancy, and childhood. The use of cocaine alone or in conjunction with other illicit drugs, combined with the normal physiological cardiovascular changes in pregnancy, leads to a myriad of pathophysiological changes, thereby placing the life of the pregnant cocaine user, as well as the health status of their unborn fetus and neonate at risk for adverse outcomes. As more data are available, the long-term physical, mental, and developmental sequelae for children exposed to cocaine in utero prove that this public health crisis has serious implications. The pregnancy-specific maternal, fetal, and neonatal risks of cocaine use during the antepartum period are reviewed.

Staged Management of Placenta Accreta in a Hybrid Operating Room Suite

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) occurs in 0.6% to 15% of reproductive-aged women. Because of an overlap in symptoms of SDB and normal pregnancy findings, the diagnosis of SDB in pregnancy is challenging. The repetitive arousals, sleep fragmentation, and hypoxias experienced by patients with SDB lead to an increase in oxidative stress and inflammation. In the nonpregnant population SDB is associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and stroke. Increasing evidence identifies an association between SDB in pregnancy and gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and fetal growth abnormalities.