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International Migration Review | 1998

Occupational status and mobility among undocumented immigrants by gender.

Mary G. Powers; William Seltzer

This article addresses two issues concerning about the integration and mobility of undocumented immigrants in the United States: 1) whether undocumented men and women improve their earnings and occupational status over time and 2) the extent of variation in occupational status and mobility by gender and region. Data from the 1989 Legalized Population Survey indicate that both undocumented men and women, on average, improved their earnings and occupational status between their first jobs in the United States and their jobs just prior to application for legalization under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. The earnings, occupational status, and occupational mobility of men were greater than for women, however.


Demography | 1978

Occupational status scores: Changes introduced by the inclusion of women

Mary G. Powers; Joan J. Holmberg

This paper examines the impact of women’s labor force participation on occupational scores by comparing occupational status scores based on the characteristics of the 1970 male labor force with a set of occupational status scores based on the characteristics of the total 1970 labor force. Although the two sets of scores are highly correlated, important differences are found in the scores for specific occupations as well as for major occupational groups. Using the traditional list of 12 major occupational categories, we find that the positions of clerical workers and craftsmen are reversed when status scores are derived from data on all incumbents in the labor force rather than on male incumbents alone. The paper suggests that, with the increased participation of women in the labor force and the concomitant change in the sex composition of the work force, the traditional approaches to the measurement of occupational status based solely on male incumbents may no longer be valid for examining the occupational hierarchy of contemporary American society.


International Migration Review | 1998

Gender differences in the occupational status of undocumented immigrants in the United States: experience before and after legalization.

Mary G. Powers; William Seltzer; Jing Shi

This article examines the incorporation of a national sample of undocumented immigrants both before and after they applied to legalize their status under the provisions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA). Data from the 1989 and 1992 Legalized Population Surveys (LPS-1 and LPS-2) are used. These surveys provide labor force and occupational data for three critical reference periods: as newly arrived undocumented immigrants, as experienced undocumented immigrants, and as documented immigrants. Labor force participation and occupational status are used as indicators of economic integration. The overall upward mobility of both men and women between first job and the occupation held at time of application for legalization continued after legalization. On average, men also continued to report higher status jobs than women, although women did somewhat better after their status was legalized. These patterns also continued after controlling for available human capital variables, country of origin, marital status, and household composition.


Population Research and Policy Review | 1991

The one child certificate in Hebei province China: acceptance and consequence 1979-1988.

Rosemary Santana Cooney; Jin Wei; Mary G. Powers

As part of its One Child Policy, China developed the one child certificate which offered numerous benefits to couples who had one child and promised to have no more. Using data from the Two-per-Thousand National Fertility Survey, this study describes the level of certificate acceptance in Hebei province from 1979 to 1988 and analyzes socioeconomic, cultural and early family formation factors affecting certificate acceptance as well as the role of certificate acceptance on transition to second parity. During the past decade, the level of initial certificate acceptance was 22.6 percent. This estimate is much lower than earlier published rates because it utilizes the concept of women at risk. Public resistance to the One Child Policy is evident in declining acceptance from 26.0 percent during the first five years of the policy to 11.3 percent during the 1984–1988 period. Womens response to the certificate has been influenced by the womans status as reflected in education and occupation as well as cultural traditions, particularly son preference. The one child certificate, however, independently depresses subsequent fertility. This research indicates that efforts to understand fertility decline in China must simultaneously acknowledge the role of government family planning programs as well as socioeconomic and cultural factors.


Demography | 1968

Class, ethnicity, and residence in metropolitan America

Mary G. Powers

ResumenLos datos indican que los SES (status socio-economico) niveles para todos los grupos étnieos y para la población nativa son mas altos en las areas metropolitanas que en las areas no metropolitanas. La sola exepción parece ser la del 16 por ciento de todos los blancos nativos hijos de blancos nativos y la del 12 por ciento de todos los no blancos en pequeños ciudades o pueblos, localizadas fuera de las SMSAs (areas metropolitanas standards) pero que son urbanas, son más allas que en la parte rural del anillo de las SMSAs.Dentro del sector metropolitano SMSAs en la clase de gran tamaño tienen los más altos SES niveles para todos los grupos de población. Entre la población nativa en las ciudades centrales y parte urbana del anillo sin embargo, el score promedio varía poco con el iamaño de la SMSA.Dentro de las SMSAs para todas las closes de tamano el score medio más alto para coda subgrupo aparece en la parte urbana del anillo de la SMSA. Esto documenta el argumento de muchos críticos acerca de que el uso de los anillos de la SMSA como sinónimo de suburbio obscurece algunas de las variacionesque existen. Debido a que el condado provee el límite definitivo de las SMSAs, el anillo frecuentemente incluye areas muy diferentes, e igualmente diferentes usos de la tierra y población. El score promedio de la población en la parte rural del anillo de las SMSAs en todas las clases de tomaños es mucho más bajo que los scores en la parte urbana del anillo y son frecuentemente más bajos que los de las ciudades centrales.Entre los varios grupos de nativos y diferentes origenes étnicos en las areas metropolitanas, la residencia en la parte urbana del anillo esta asociada con más altos SES niveles que la residencia en la ciudad. Pero su orden relativo uno con respecto al otro permanecen más o menos igual, y esto sugiere que algunas partes de la creciente heterogeneridad socioeconómicas de los suburbios durante los años 1950–60 puede ser explicada por el movimiento de poblaciones étnicas fuera de las area de original establecimiento. Algunas de estas variaciones pueden ser también explicadas por un análisis de variaciones por edad y por región en el que se esta trabajando actualmente.SummaryThe data indicate that the SES levels of all nativity and ethnic groups are higher in metropolitan than in nonmetropolitan areas. The only exception appears to be that the socioeconomic levels of the 16 percent of all native whites of native parentage and of the 12 percent of all nonwhites in small towns and cities, which are not located within SMSAs but which are urban, are higher than they are in the rural part of the ring of SMSAs.Within the metropolitan sector, SMSAs in the largest size class had the highest SES levels for all population subgroups. Among the native population in the central cities and urban part of the ring however, the average score varied little with size of SMSA.Within SMSAs of all size classes, the highest median score for each subgroup appears in the urban part of the ring of the SMSA. This documents the contention of many critics that the use of the SMSA ring as synonomous with “suburb” obscures some of the variation that exists. Because the county provides the definitive boundary for SMSAs, the ring frequently includes quite disparate areas, land use patterns, and populations. The median scores of the population in the rural part of the ring of SMSAs in all size classes are much lower than scores in the urban part of the ring and are frequently lower than those in the central cities.Among the various nativity and ethnic groups in metropolitan areas, residence in the urban part of the ring is associated with higher SES level than residence in the city. But their ranking relative to one another remains about the same, and this suggests that some part of the increased socioeconomic heterogeneity of the suburbs during the years 1950-60 may be explained by the movement of ethnic populations away from areas of original settlement. Some of this variation also may be explained by an analysis of age and regional variations that is currently underway.


Journal of Marriage and Family | 1982

Fertility and Child Care Arrangements as Mechanisms of Status Articulation.

Mary G. Powers; Joseph J. Salvo

Examines the way in which the employment preferences and the child care arrangements of mothers and young children are related to their fertility expectations. The findings indicate that the future fertility expectations of a large sample of mothers of young children who are not in the labor force were influenced by whether they wanted to be in the labor force given adequate child care and by whether they currently used regular child care arrangements. These findings are interpreted as responses to conflict between familial and nonfamilial roles in accordance with a theoretical framework developed by Coser and Rokoff. Data were derived from a subsample of the Current Fertility Survey. (authors modified)


Family Planning Perspectives | 1992

Contraceptive use and sterilization among Puerto Rican women.

Joseph J. Salvo; Mary G. Powers; Rosemary Santana Cooney

A comparison of contraceptive use in the early to mid-1980s among married Puerto Rican women aged 15-49 in the New York City area reveals that island-born Puerto Rican women living in New York rely on female sterilization to nearly the same extent as do women living in Puerto Rico (45% and 41%, respectively) and that mainland-born Puerto Rican women use sterilization as much as do all women in the United States (19% for both groups). Puerto Rican women in New York use reversible methods to a greater extent than do women in Puerto Rico (22% v. 16%), but to a lesser extent than do all women in the United States (37%). Although mainland-born Puerto Rican women in New York use reversible methods more than do island-born women in New York (42% v. 23%), they tend not to adopt these methods to the same extent as do all U.S. women during the early reproductive years, when education and employment are critical to socioeconomic attainment.


International Migration Review | 1978

Book Review: Postwar Fertility Trends and Differentials in the United StatesPostwar Fertility Trends and Differentials in the United States. By RindfussRonald R. and SweetJames A., New York: Academic Press, 1977. Pp. 225.

Mary G. Powers

incorporated into political and.other activities. In the last article, Auvo Kostiainen, from the University of Turku, Finland, studies the positions taken by the Finnish American working class toward. Finnish workers in the Civil War of 1918 in Finland and discusses the effects of the war on the Finnish American labor movement. In the early years of this century, the lot of the Finnish working class immigrant, as well as the lot of any other ethnic minority, was extremely difficult. Hilja J. Karvonen emphazises these difficulties in the context of womens roles as well as the problems oflearninga new language, of finding suitable jobs and of ohtainingadequate housing. Theseproblems were almost insurmountable for the individual immigrant. The logical solution was to begin to work on them collectively. Consequently, Finnish immigrants became pioneers of the cooperative movement. They busied themselves in establishing churches, temperance societies and innumerable poliucal, cultural, educational and recreational organizations, not to forget the active ethnic press, all for the common good. The radical labor movement, with roots transplanted from Finland, was an integral part of Finnish American life. It developed in the surroundings of American industrial society and came to grips with the problems involved. Thus the response of the radical Finnish immigrants is a part of the story of industrial America. For the Common Good, however, cannot be termed the definitive historyofFinnishAmerican radicalism. The book deals mainly with the first two decades of thecentury. The beginnings of Finnish American radicalism in the late nineteenth century and the contributions of the interwar period, and even of the present day, remain to be studied. For the Common Good is a welcome conrriburion, which helps us understand theexperience of the Finnishas well as other ethnic working class people in the new world of industrial work and urban society of the early twentieth century.


International Migration Review | 1972

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Mary G. Powers

years will be marked by many small experiments as people test the potential of the new environment. They expand from this stage only when there is a clear advantage to them in the next step; They will be equally unwilling to experiment with large-scale social innovation; and since the success of new forms of social organization is less easily demonstrated than the success of crops or new productive techniques, such smallscale experimenting with social organization as takes place is not likely to be followed by a massive reordering of social life, Instead they will consciously maintain the formal structure of their society, substiting actors without altering roles, providing symbolic actions when customary transactions cannot be carried out. Ultimately, when the crisis is seen as over, the need to organize action with reference to the new physical and social order associated with messianic and other revitalization movements is not a phenomenon associated with a crisis engineered by external force, though it may occur as an aftermath when people ponder why their traditional order failed them in their need or when they begin to perceive that it no longer accounts for the realities they now face. (Pp, 1-2) Thus Colson and Scudder add another piece of evidence toward predictability in Anthropological and Social Sciences. CHARLES W. FISHER Metropolitan State College. Denver


International Migration Review | 1972

Book Review: Migration in Britain: Data Sources and Estimation TechniquesMigration in Britain: Data Sources and Estimation Techniques. By WelchRuth L., Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham, 1971. Pp. 82.

Mary G. Powers

The local Mafdal cell consisted mostly of Moroccan Jews. The election propaganda and negotiations were thus a combination of generally modern election campaign speeches and leaflets with traditional methods such as homilies in the synagogues, Hassidic dancing in a Moroccan synagogue, and traditional meals in homes, with traditional ways and behavior patterns predominating. Such religious meetings were characterized by a considerable restraint in the use of abuse upon competitors. Religion itself was not at issue candidates did not emphasize how they were going to enhance and strengthen religion. Politicalization of religion was somehow connected with the differential political commitment of electoral groups. The party gave, or promised, more to groups which were not assured followers than to others who were.

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Charles B. Nam

Florida State University

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Frana S. Wendell

Fairleigh Dickinson University

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James A. Sweet

University of Wisconsin-Madison

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