Mary M. Kritz

Migration, urbanization, and development : new directions and issues

Foreword N. Sadik. 1. The State of the Art and Overview of the Chapters R.E. Bilsborrow. Part 1: Old and New Patterns of Internal Migration and Urbanization in Developing Countries. 2. What Do We Know About Recent Trends in Urbanization? N. Chen, et al. 3. Recent Internal Migration Processes in Sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants, Consequences, and Data Adequacy Issues J.O. Oucho. 4. New Trends in Urban Settlement and the Role of Intraurban Migration: The Case of Sao Paulo/Brazil J.M. Pinto da Cunha. Part 2: Migration Determinants and Linkages with Economic Growth. 5. Rural Out- Migration in China: A Multilevel Model Junming Zhu. 6. Migration Motivation, Family Links, and Job Search Methods of Rural-to-Urban Migrants in India B. Banerjee. 7. Measuring the Macroeconomic Impact of Internal Migration: A Production Function Approach with Evidence from Peru A. Morrison, Xin Guo. Part 3: The Consequences of Migration. 8. Migration and Urbanization in West Africa: Methodological Issues in Data Collection and Inference P. Bocquier, S. Traore. 9. Assessing the Consequences of Internal Migration: Methodological Issues and a Case Study on Thailand Based on Longitudinal Household Survey Data P. Guest. 10. Rural-Urban Migration and Development: Evidence from Bangladesh R. Afsar. 11. Migration and the Fertility Transition in African Cities M. Brockerhoff. Part 4: Migration, Urbanization Processes, and Implications. 12. A Reassessment of Migration and Urbanization in Mexico in the 20thCentury C.B. Paz. 13. The Coping Capacity of Latin Americas Cities A.G. Gilbert. 14. Urban Economic Growth in the 21st Century: Assessing the International Competitiveness of Metropolitan Areas D.A. Rondinelli, G. Vastag. Appendix: Internal Migration and Urbanization Recommendations. Symposium on Internal Migration and Urbanization in Developing Countries: Implications for Habitat II.

International migration trends in Latin America: research and data survey

Since the 1950s, international migration in Latin America has been transformed from immigration from extra-regional sources, to migration among countries within Latin America itself. While this shift has been noted in the literature, its systematic study remains in its infancy. This paper provides an overview of the literature dealing with international migration in Latin America, and it addresses problems with transit and census data for the region. In addition, the main themes of the other papers of this issue are introduced and several lines of needed research are suggested.

International migration policies: conceptual problems.

States approach and define international migration differently. The implications of differentials in policy practices toward permanent, temporary and illegal migration are examined. While entry policies change as countries seek to improve control over their borders, there is policy continuity. Permanent migration countries continue to admit large numbers of permanent migrants, as well as growing numbers of temporary migrants; and temporary migration countries have seen their permanent stocks grow through family reunification. It is argued that the concepts employed by countries in their immigration policies frequently do not correspond to the reality, making it necessary to examine the actual context.

The impact of international migration on Venezuelan demographic and social structure.

The Brain Drain or the migration of higher status persons such as scientists doctors and engineers to a country which is more developed than their country of origin is the one component of international migration which is receiving some research attention. These studies have generally found that high- income countries such as the United States Canada and Great Britain are the major recipients of brain drain migration. However not all emigration from low- income countries fits the brain drain model. In several sending countries such as Algeria Jamaica the Philippines Mexico and the Dominican Republic unskilled migrants are included in the emigration stream. In view of the continued importance of international migration for countries of varying levels of economic development further research on the demographic economic and social implications of such movements should be undertaken. This paper will attempt to contribute to this understanding by accomplishing two tasks. First the theoretical implications of international migration in low-income countries will be reviewed in order to identify the likely impact of either a policy of immigration or emigration. Second the Venezuelan immigration during the 1940’s and 1950’s will be examined in order to identify the sources of support for the immigration policy; the ethic demographic and social composition of the immigrants; and their location in the Venezuelan social structure. (excerpt)

Socio-economic Issues Arising from Immigration in Receiving Countries

The past 30 years have seen an unpredicted and large increase in international migration that now encompasses almost all countries, to some extent, either as senders or receivers. Social scientists did not expect this pattern. Demographers claimed that the era of large-scale international migration was over; populations would be shaped in the future largely by their fertility and mortality dynamics (Davis, 1947). Sociologists abandoned their traditional studies of immigrant assimilation and integration; economists redirected attention from the relations between capital, trade and labour flows between countries towards the microeconomics of labour. But even in the 1950s and 1960s, when these shifts were under way in the social sciences, the elements of the ‘new’ pattern of international migration were unfolding. While large-scale transcontinental migrations of permanent settlers were scarce, the magnitude of temporary mobility of persons for work, business, study and other purposes was on the rise.