Masafumi D. Yamada

Photocontrol of Calmodulin Interaction with Target Peptides using Azobenzene Derivative

Calmodulin (CaM), a physiologically important Ca(2+)-binding protein, participates in numerous cellular regulatory processes. It is dumbbell shaped and contains two globular domains connected by a short alpha-helix. Each of the globular domains has two Ca(2+)-binding sites, the EF hands. CaM undergoes a conformational change upon binding to Ca(2+), which enables it to bind to specific proteins for specific responses. Here, we successfully photocontrolled CaM binding to its target peptide using the photochromic compound N-(4-phenylazophenyl) maleimide (PAM), which reversibly undergoes cis-trans isomerization upon ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) light irradiation. In order to specifically incorporate PAM, CaM mutants having reactive cysteine residues in the functional region were prepared; PAM was stoichiometrically incorporated into the cysteine residues in these mutants. Further, we prepared the target peptide, M13, fused with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) to monitor the CaM-M13 peptide interaction. The binding of the PAM-CaM mutants, N60C, D64C and M124C, to M13-YFP was reversibly photocontrolled upon UV-VIS light irradiation at appropriate Ca(2+) concentrations.

Nucleotide-dependent displacement and dynamics of the α-1 helix in kinesin revealed by site-directed spin labeling EPR

In kinesin X-ray crystal structures, the N-terminal region of the α-1 helix is adjacent to the adenine ring of the bound nucleotide, while the C-terminal region of the helix is near the neck-linker (NL). Here, we monitor the displacement of the α-1 helix within a kinesin monomer bound to microtubules (MTs) in the presence or absence of nucleotides using site-directed spin labeling EPR. Kinesin was doubly spin-labeled at the α-1 and α-2 helices, and the resulting EPR spectrum showed dipolar broadening. The inter-helix distance distribution showed that 20% of the spins have a peak characteristic of 1.4-1.7 nm separation, which is similar to what is predicted from the X-ray crystal structure, albeit 80% were beyond the sensitivity limit (>2.5 nm) of the method. Upon MT binding, the fraction of kinesin exhibiting an inter-helix distance of 1.4-1.7 nm in the presence of AMPPNP (a non-hydrolysable ATP analog) and ADP was 20% and 25%, respectively. In the absence of nucleotide, this fraction increased to 40-50%. These nucleotide-induced changes in the fraction of kinesin undergoing displacement of the α-1 helix were found to be related to the fraction in which the NL undocked from the motor core. It is therefore suggested that a shift in the α-1 helix conformational equilibrium occurs upon nucleotide binding and release, and this shift controls NL docking onto the motor core.