Masashi Nakatsukasa

Early CT signs in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors: Temporal profile and prognostic significance

AIM Although computed tomography (CT) signs of ischaemia, including loss of boundary (LOB) between grey matter and white matter and cortical sulcal effacement, in cardiac arrest (CA) survivors are known, their temporal profile and prognostic significance remains unclear; their clarification is necessary. METHODS Brain CT scans were obtained immediately after resuscitation in 75 non-traumatic CA survivors in a prospective fashion. They were divided into two groups according to the CA-return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) interval: < or =20 min vs. >20 min. The incidence of the CT signs and predictability of these signs for outcome, assessed 6 months after CA, was evaluated and compared. RESULTS The incidence of the positive LOB sign was 24% in the < or =20-min group and 83% in the >20-min group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). The interval of 20 min seemed to be the time window for the LOB development. The incidence of the positive sulcal effacement sign was 0% in the < or =20 min group and 34% in the >20-min group, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.004). A positive LOB sign was predictive of unfavourable outcome with an 81% sensitivity and 92% specificity. A positive sulcal effacement sign was predictive of unfavourable outcome with a 32% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSION A time window may exist for ischaemic CT signs in CA survivors. The LOB sign may develop when the CA-ROSC interval exceeds 20 min, whereas the sulcal effacement sign may develop later. However, their temporal profile and outcome predictability should be verified by multicentre studies.

Does Difference in the Storage Method of Bone Flaps After Decompressive Craniectomy Affect the Incidence of Surgical Site Infection After Cranioplasty? Comparison Between Subcutaneous Pocket and Cryopreservation

BACKGROUND After decompressive craniectomy for brain swelling, bone flaps need to be stored in a sterile fashion until cranioplasty. Temporary placement in a subcutaneous pocket (SP) and cryopreservation (CP) are the two commonly used methods for preserving bone flaps. Surgical site infection (SSI) is a serious complication of cranioplasty, and the storage method associated with a lower SSI incidence is favored. It is unclear, however, whether one storage method is superior to the other in terms of SSI prevention. METHODS During a 9-year period, 70 patients underwent decompressive craniectomy and subsequent cranioplasty. Bone flaps from 39 patients were stored using SP and those from the other 31 were stored using CP. Demographic data and SSI incidence was compared. RESULTS There were no significant demographic differences between the groups. SSI occurred in seven patients: 2 (5.1%) in the SP group and 5 (16.1%) in the CP group. The difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.23). When each group was further divided into two categories based on etiology (traumatic brain injury [TBI] versus non-TBI), CP showed a significantly higher SSI incidence compared with SP (28.6% versus 0%, p = 0.02) in the TBI category. However, the difference in incidence was not significant in the non-TBI category. CONCLUSIONS SP and CP may be equally efficacious for storage of bone flaps of non-TBI etiology; however, SP may be the storage method of choice for TBI. It remains to be verified in a prospective fashion whether SP is truly the better method of storing bone flaps in TBI.

Successful removal of solitary intramedullary spinal cord metastasis from colon cancer

A 69-year-old patient with an intramedullary metastasis from colon carcinoma is presented. Total removal of the tumor brought him 3 months of useful life. Although radiation therapy is generally favored, one should consider microsurgical resection of discrete, solitary intramedullary metastases in patients with radioresistant primary tumors.

Primary spinal leptomeningeal gliomatosis presenting visual disturbance as the initial symptom: Case report

SummaryWe report a case of diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis which spread from the cervical to the sacral spine. A 60-year-old man was admitted with visual disturbance due to papilledema. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed holocord leptomeningeal gliomatosis without a definite intraparenchymal lesion, and the patients neurological examination was unremarkable except for papilledema. Intracranial hypertension secondary to spinal tumor is well known but unusual, and the mechanism is still unclear. In our case, an elevated protein concentration of cerebrospinal fluid is suggested as the cause of intracranial hypertension.

Headache, cardiac arrest, and intracranial hemorrhage

Headache is one of the most common manifestations of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, which is an uncommon, but not rare, cause of cardiac arrest in adults. History of a sudden headache preceding collapse may be a helpful clue to estimate the cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Medical records of witnessed OHCA patients were reviewed to identify those who complained of a sudden headache preceding collapse, and the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage among them as well as their clinical characteristics was investigated retrospectively. During the 12-month period, 124 patients who sustained a witnessed OHCA were treated. Among them, 74 (60%) collapsed without any pain complaint, and only 6 (5%) complained of a sudden headache preceding collapse. All of the six patients were resuscitated: four had a severe subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), while the other two had a massive cerebellar hemorrhage. By contrast, 39 of the 74 patients who collapsed without any pain were resuscitated. Among them, another six patients were found to harbor an SAH. Thus, a total of 12 among the 124 witnessed OHCA (10%) sustained a fatal intracranial hemorrhage. While OHCA patients who collapse complaining of a sudden headache are uncommonly seen in the emergency room, they have a high likelihood of harboring a severe intracranial hemorrhage. It should also be reminded that approximately half of patients whose cardiac arrest is due to an intracranial hemorrhage may collapse without complaining of a headache. The prognosis of those with cerebral origin of OHCA is invariably poor, although they may relatively easily be resuscitated temporarily. Focus needs to be directed to avoid sudden death from a potentially treatable cerebral lesion, and public education to promote the awareness for the symptoms of potentially lethal hemorrhagic stroke is warranted.

Blood patch for spontaneous intracranial hypotension caused by cerebrospinal fluid leak at C1-2

A case of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) caused by a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak at C1-2 is described. The patient, a 46-year-old gentleman, presented to the emergency department with a severe, orthostatic neck pain and occipital headache of sudden onset. He was diagnosed with SIH and admitted, but failed to respond to conservative management. Imaging studies suggested that C1-2 was the spinal level responsible for the CSF leak, and he underwent a blood patch therapy delivered via an epidural catheter inserted from C6-7. His neck pain disappeared a day after the procedure, and he remains free of symptom for more than a year. SIH with a CSF leak at the upper cervical spine may be least amenable to conventional epidural blood patch delivered from the lumbar spine. Delivery of autologous blood patch via an epidural catheter inserted from the lower cervical spine can be a safe and effective method for such patients.

Rotational vertebral artery occlusion associated with occipitoatlantal assimilation, atlantoaxial subluxation, and basilar impression

Rotational vertebral artery (VA) occlusion, also known as bow unter’s stroke, is a rare form of vertebrobasilar ischemia elicited y head rotation, and it results from transient mechanical oblitration of the VA [1]. The VA at the C1–C2 junction is involved ost frequently, and hemodynamic compromise of the domiant VA is usually responsible for ischemic episodes [1]. Various athoanatomies of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) have been eported to be associatedwith rotational VA occlusion. Adult-onset otational VA occlusion associated with a CVJ anomaly, however, is ery rare. We describe a case of rotational VA occlusion associated ith occipitoatlantal assimilation, atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS), nd basilar impression.

Influence of warfarin and low‐dose aspirin on the outcomes of geriatric patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage resulting from ground‐level fall

Aim:  Ground‐level fall is the most common cause of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (TICH) in the elderly, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in that population. A retrospective study was carried out to evaluate whether the use of warfarin/low‐dose aspirin (LDA) is predictive of unfavorable outcomes in geriatric patients who sustain a fall‐induced TICH.

Axilloaxillary bypass for the treatment of subclavian artery stenosis complicated by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion: technical case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCEWe successfully treated a patient with stenosis of the left subclavian artery, complicated by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, via axilloaxillary bypass surgery. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONA 67-year-old patient with a history of hypertension and cerebral infarction underwent neck irradiation for treatment of a vocal cord tumor. Three months later, he began to experience transient tetraparesis several times per day. The blood pressure measurements for his right and left arms were different. Supratentorial blood flow was markedly low. The common carotid arteries were bilaterally occluded, and the right vertebral artery was hypoplastic. Therefore, only the left vertebral artery contributed to the patient’s cerebral circulation; his left subclavian artery was severely stenotic. INTERVENTIONThe patient underwent axilloaxillary bypass surgery because the procedure avoids thoracotomy or sternotomy, manipulation of the carotid artery, and interruption of the vertebral artery blood flow. The patient has been free of symptoms for more than 5 years. CONCLUSIONNeurosurgeons should be aware that extra-anatomic bypass surgery is an effective treatment option for selected patients with cerebral ischemia.

Stroke while driving: Frequency and association with automobile accidents:

Background Cardiovascular events while driving have occasionally been reported. In contrast, there have been few studies on stroke while driving. Aim The objectives of this study were to (1) report the frequency of stroke while driving and (2) evaluate its association with automobile accidents. Methods Clinical data prospectively acquired between January 2011 and December 2016 on 2145 stroke patients (1301 with ischemic stroke, 585 with intracerebral hemorrhage, and 259 with subarachnoid hemorrhage) were reviewed to identify patients who sustained a stroke while driving. The ratio of driving to performing other activities was evaluated for each stroke type. Furthermore, the drivers’ response to stroke was reviewed to understand how automobile accidents occurred. Results Among the 2145 patients, 85 (63 ischemic stroke, 20 intracerebral hemorrhage, and 2 subarachnoid hemorrhage) sustained a stroke while driving. The ratio of driving to performing other activities was significantly higher in ischemic stroke (4.8%) than in intracerebral hemorrhage (3.4%) or subarachnoid hemorrhage (0.8%). A majority of drivers either continued driving or pulled over to the roadside after suffering a stroke. However, 14 (16%) patients were involved in automobile accidents. In most patients, an altered mental status due to severe stroke was the presumed cause of the accident. Conclusion Stroke occurred while driving in 4.0% of all strokes and accidents occurred in 16% of these instances.