Masoud Yazdani

Intelligent tutoring systems survey

Simple computer assisted instruction (CAI) systems suffer from the fact that in general they do not know the subject matter they are teaching. Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) use artificial intelligence (AI) formalisms to represent knowledge in order to improve on CAI systems. We survey a number of systems developed, and the emerging architecture for ITS development.

A computer-based iconic language

Abstract The dream of being able to understand and communicate in any language has not yet been satisfied. However, there are existing signs and symbols (icons) which are understood internationally. This article proposes a computer-based iconic communication language. We present design considerations/or a visual language and how it could be developed to a level that might interest telephone companies, offering a service to specific groups in niche customer bases.

Communicating through pictures

In this article we present design consideration for a visual language which may allow users with different linguistic backgrounds to communicate freely. This cross language communication uses icons which are graphically clear, semantically unambiguous, adaptable and, above all, simple.

An expert system for diagnosing children's multiplication errors

We describe a microcomputer-based system for diagnosing childrens multiplication errors. The system incorporates the knowledge base of all known systematic errors which children make. In order to cope with the complexity of designing this computer-assisted learning package, we use a modular approach. Chaining the modules allows us to fit the overall system on microcomputers with limited memory capacity available at schools.

Language visualisation: applications and theoretical foundations of a primitive-based approach

Language visualisation consists of using consistent and systematic mappings between language expressions and graphical forms, where the graphical forms constitute or convey the meaning of the expressions. Primitive-based applications are described for both natural and artificial language (story visualisation and program visualisation, respectively). On the basis of these and other applications some foundational concepts are identified in a bottom-up theory of visualisation. A universal visualisation system architecture is proposed, as is a basic visual object taxonomy for classifying any visualisation object. Also, preliminary steps are taken towards constructing a top-down theory.

Cooperative learning in a virtual university

The computer-assisted learning and communication facilities of the Internet have resulted in a great deal of promise for the establishment of virtual universities worldwide. This paper reflects our vision of a future scenario for adult learners based around cooperative learning. We propose a way forward based around identifying teaching or learning problems and looking at the technology for a possible solution.

Generalising language-tutoring systems: A French/Spanish case study, using LINGER

This paper deseribes our experiences in trying to extend a language tutoring system, LINGER, to deal with Spanish. LINGER is based on Definite Clause Grammar (DCG) notation. It was first developed to teach French (Barchan, Woodmansee and Yazdani, 1986). Unlike traditional language-teaching systems, it incorporates “human-like” knowledge of the domain it is teaching. Experiences in modifying such systems are relevant both to language teaching and to attempts at turning tutoring systems designed for specific tasks into tools capable of greater generality and use.

Artificial Intelligence: building birds out of beer cans

John Searles attack on various interpretations of Artificial Intelligence has been the most thorough challenge to the philosophical foundations of Artificial Intelligence. In this paper we attempt to contribute to a growing body of argument as to why Searle is mistaken in his attack. We propose an analogy between intelligent objects and flying objects, leading to a definition of Artificial Intelligence similar to that of aerodynamics, but one which attempts to present general laws of intelligence in man and machines alike.

Multilingual aspects of a multimedia database of learning materials

Abstract This article presents a summary of approaches to the development of multilingual software and relevant multicultural issues. It gives a definition of multilinguality and moves on to present a framework for a multilingual database of learning materials. In this context, a general specification of multilingual aspects of a browser system are presented. In addition, the article considers the multicultural aspects of a database of learning materials. A number of problems are identified which need to be dealt with in this context.

Accidental nuclear war: the contribution of artificial intelligence

The AI community is seriously considering what all the military sponsorship would do to the prospect of being able to carry out basic research without, at the same time, putting the whole of our planets population at risk. The SDI proposals of a defence shield that completely protects a nation from offensive missiles pose so many technical questions concerning the reliability of computers which are needed to control it. It has been argued that the complexity and sensitivity to the context of application make the construction of programs extremely difficult.We examine the options which face AI researchers. Many have accepted that military money is necessary for the survival of the research community and that the military intentions are an unavoidable evil. Others have decided to accept military money if it does not involve development, production and use of weapons of mass destruction. One group goes even further and will not accept any form of military funding.We do not subscribe to this last notion, opting for the intermediate view. We feel that there are some aspects of work in AI which can, perhaps, improve our understanding of the nature of accidents which occur as a result of interaction between humans with complicated technological systems. Research in these areas, therefore, have a positive result in reducing the likelihood of a computer-generated Armageddon. The military should, therefore, be more far-sighted and support basic scientific research in AI.More information on these issues can be obtained from Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, P.O. Box 717, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA and Computing and Social Responsibility, c/o Jane Hesketh, 3 Buccleuch Terrace, Edinburgh EH8 9NB, UK.