Massimo Placidi

Accurate determination of the LEP beam energy by resonant depolarization

To improve the measurements of the Z boson mass and resonance width, the 1993 Large Electron Positron Collider (LEP) run was devoted to a three point beam energy scan, with one point close to the peak of the Z resonance and two points roughly 880 MeV below and above the peak. Operational energy calibration by resonant depolarization was successfully commissioned for all three beam energies. 24 energy calibrations were performed at the end of physics fills. The accuracy of each calibration is better than 1 MeV. About one third of the total integrated luminosity was recorded in calibrated fills below and above the resonance and a regular tracking of the beam energies throughout the scan was possible. The evolution of the beam energies in the course of the year showed a large variation of up to 20 MeV. Results from the energy calibrations will be presented and possible explanations for the changes of the beam energy during the year will be described.

First observation of transverse beam polarization in LEP

Abstract The results of beam polarization measurements performed in 1990 at the CERN Large Electron Positron storage ring (LEP) are reported. A significant asymmetry was observed in the Compton back-scattered photon distribution when illuminating the LEP electron beam with circularly polarized laser light. The corresponding polarization level is estimated to be 9.1% ± 0.3% (statistical) ± 1.8% (systematic). The validity of the polarization signal was assessed by varying the laser light polarization and by applying to the electron beam known depolarizing resonances. The measurement is consistent with the predicted polarization degree.

Measurement of LEP beam energy by resonant spin depolarization

Abstract A transverse beam polarization of around 10% reproducibly observed in LEP in 1991. Resonant spin depolarization was performed at four occasions, from September 16 to November 11, providing measurements of the beam energy with a precision of ± 1.5 × 10−5. Several cross-checks were performed to ascertain that the observed resonance corresponds to the fundamental spin precession frequency. The variability of the results, ± 6 × 10−5, is consistent with the expected stability and reproducibility of the machine.

Calibration of centre-of-mass energies at LEP 2 for a precise measurement of the W boson mass

Abstract.The determination of the centre-of-mass energies for all LEP 2 running is presented. Accurate knowledge of these energies is of primary importance to set the absolute energy scale for the measurement of the W boson mass. The beam energy between 80 and 104 GeV is derived from continuous measurements of the magnetic bending field by 16 NMR probes situated in a number of the LEP dipoles. The relationship between the fields measured by the probes and the beam energy is defined in the NMR model, which is calibrated against precise measurements of the average beam energy between 41 and 61 GeV made using the resonant depolarisation technique. The validity of the NMR model is verified by three independent methods: the flux-loop, which is sensitive to the bending field of all the dipoles of LEP; the spectrometer, which determines the energy through measurements of the deflection of the beam in a magnet of known integrated field; and an analysis of the variation of the synchrotron tune with the total RF voltage. To obtain the centre-of-mass energies, corrections are then applied to account for sources of bending field external to the dipoles, and variations in the local beam energy at each interaction point. The relative error on the centre-of-mass energy determination for the majority of LEP 2 running is 1.2 x 10-4, which is sufficiently precise so as not to introduce a dominant uncertainty on the W mass measurement.The determination of the centre-of-mass energies for all LEP 2 running is presented. Accurate knowledge of these energies is of primary importance to set the absolute energy scale for the measurement of the W boson mass. The beam energy between 80 and 104 GeV is derived from continuous measurements of the magnetic bending field by 16 NMR probes situated in a number of the LEP dipoles. The relationship between the fields measured by the probes and the beam energy is defined in the NMR model, which is calibrated against precise measurements of the average beam energy between 41 and 61 GeV made using the resonant depolarisation technique. The validity of the NMR model is verified by three independent methods: the flux-loop, which is sensitive to the bending field of all the dipoles of LEP; the spectrometer, which determines the energy through measurements of the deflection of the beam in a magnet of known integrated field; and an analysis of the variation of the synchrotron tune with the total RF voltage. To obtain the centre-of-mass energies, corrections are then applied to account for sources of bending field external to the dipoles, and variations in the local beam energy at each interaction point. The relative error on the centre-of-mass energy determination for the majority of LEP 2 running is 1.2 × 10 −4 , which is sufficiently precise so as not to introduce a dominant uncertainty on the W mass measurement.

Effects of terrestrial tides on the LEP beam energy

Abstract The circular e + e − collider LEP located near Geneva is used to investigate the properties of the Z boson. The measurements of the Z boson mass and resonance width are of fundamental importance for the standard model of the electroweak interactions. They require a knowledge of the LEP beam energy with a precision of ∼ 20 ppm, which is provided by a measurement of the electron spin precession frequency. To extrapolate beam energy calibrations over a longer period of time, effects causing energy changes have to be taken into account. Among these are the terrestrial tides due to the sun and moon which move the Earth surface up and down. The lateral components of this motion modify the 26.7 km LEP circumference by about 1 mm. This change in length results in variations of the beam energy up to 120 ppm. We present results of measurements on the influence of terrestrial tides on the LEP beam energy that have been performed in 1992 and 1993.

The Energy calibration of LEP in the 1993 scan

This report summarizes the procedure for providing the absolute energy calibration of the LEP beams during the energy scan in 1993. The average beam energy around the LEP ring was measured in 25 calibrations with the resonant depolarization technique. The time variation of this average beam energy is well described by a model of the accelerator based on monitored quantities. The absolute calibration of the centre of mass energies of the off-peak points is determined with a precision of 2 parts in 105 resulting in a systematic error on the Z-mass of about 1.4 MeV and on the Z-width of about 1.5 MeV.

Dynamic beam based alignment

A new method is presented to measure the relative offset of beam position monitors with respect to the magnetic center of quadrupole magnets. Slow unavoidable orbit drifts lead to changing beam positions. The beam position is detected by modulating the strength of the magnetic field of a quadrupole and measuring the amplitude of the induced closed orbit oscillation. The amplitude of the orbit oscillation depends linearly on the modulation strength and on the beam offset in the quadrupole magnet.

The Cedar (Cerenkov Differential Counters with Achromatic Ring Focus) Project

All hadron beams of the CERN SPS are being equipped with a mass identification facility. The project involves the construction of twelve differential Cerenkov counters specialized either for the energy range of 15 GeV/c to 150 GeV/c (CEDAR-W) or 30 GeV/c to 340 GeV/c (CEDAR-N). The performances of four W-type and one N-type CEDAR are reported.

Spin dynamics in LEP with 40–100 GeV beams

Radiative spin polarization has been studied in the Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN for beam energies from 40 GeV to 100 GeV. The data cover a unique range of spin dynamics, not previously accessible with other storage rings. After optimization of machine parameters and the successful application of new Harmonic Spin Matching techniques, a transverse beam polarization of 57% was obtained at 44.7 GeV. At 60.6 GeV the maximum level reached 8%. The observed energy dependence of radiative spin polarization at LEP is in excellent agreement with the theoretically expected behavior. The LEP data provide the first experimental confirmation for a theory of depolarization at very high energies, first developed in the 1970s by Derbenev and Kontratenko. The results will help to guide the design of any future high energy electron-positron storage ring requiring polarized beams.

Lepton beam polarization at LEP

Results from studies on transverse polarization in LEP over the past two years are presented. A single beam transverse polarization level of 57% at 45 GeV was reached adopting strategies to compensate depolarizing effects originating in the four experimental solenoids and from orbit perturbations. Beam Energy Calibration was performed by Resonant Depolarization during the 1993 LEP Run for Physics at three different energies centered around the Z peak. The uncertainty on the beam energy was reduced to about 1 MeV, thus improving the accuracy on the Z‐resonance mass and width with respect to previous results. Successful results obtained at the end of the 1994 LEP Run on polarization with colliding beams are reported and future plans outlined.