Maurizio Fagotti

Quantum quench in the transverse-field Ising chain.

We consider the time evolution of observables in the transverse-field Ising chain after a sudden quench of the magnetic field. We provide exact analytical results for the asymptotic time and distance dependence of one- and two-point correlation functions of the order parameter. We employ two complementary approaches based on asymptotic evaluations of determinants and form-factor sums. We prove that the stationary value of the two-point correlation function is not thermal, but can be described by a generalized Gibbs ensemble (GGE). The approach to the stationary state can also be understood in terms of a GGE. We present a conjecture on how these results generalize to particular quenches in other integrable models.

Quantum quench in the transverse field Ising chain: I. Time evolution of order parameter correlators

We consider the time evolution of observables in the transverse-field Ising chain after a sudden quench of the magnetic field. We provide exact analytical results for the asymptotic time and distance dependence of one- and two-point correlation functions of the order parameter. We employ two complementary approaches based on asymptotic evaluations of determinants and form-factor sums. We prove that the stationary value of the two-point correlation function is not thermal, but can be described by a generalized Gibbs ensemble (GGE). The approach to the stationary state can also be understood in terms of a GGE. We present a conjecture on how these results generalize to particular quenches in other integrable models.

Quantum quenches in the transverse field Ising chain: II. Stationary state properties

We consider the stationary state properties of the reduced density matrix as well as spin–spin correlation functions after a sudden quantum quench of the magnetic field in the transverse field Ising chain. We demonstrate that stationary state properties are described by a generalized Gibbs ensemble. We discuss the approach to the stationary state at late times.

Stationary behaviour of observables after a quantum quench in the spin-1/2 Heisenberg XXZ chain

We consider a quantum quench in the spin-1/2 Heisenberg XXZ chain. At late times after the quench it is believed that the expectation values of local operators approach time-independent values that are described by a generalized Gibbs ensemble. Employing a quantum transfer matrix approach we show how to determine short-range correlation functions in such generalized Gibbs ensembles for a class of initial states.

REDUCED DENSITY MATRIX AFTER A QUANTUM QUENCH

We consider the reduced density matrix (RDM) \rho_A(t) for a finite subsystem A after a global quantum quench in the infinite transverse-field Ising chain. It has been recently shown that the infinite time limit of \rho_A(t) is described by the RDM \rho_{GGE,A} of a generalized Gibbs ensemble. Here we present some details on how to construct this ensemble in terms of local integrals of motion, and show its equivalence to the expression in terms of mode occupation numbers widely used in the literature. We then address the question, how \rho_A(t) approaches \rho_{GGE,A} as a function of time. To that end we introduce a distance on the space of density matrices and show that it approaches zero as a universal power-law t^{-3/2} in time. As the RDM completely determines all local observables within A, this provides information on the relaxation of correlation functions of local operators. We then address the issue, of how well a truncated generalized Gibbs ensemble with a finite number of local higher conservation laws describes a given subsystem at late times. We find that taking into account only local conservation laws with a range at most comparable to the subsystem size provides a good description. However, excluding even a single one of the most local conservation laws in general completely spoils this agreement.

Dynamical Correlations after a Quantum Quench

We consider dynamic (non-equal-time) correlation functions of local observables after a quantum quench. We show that, in the absence of long-range interactions in the final Hamiltonian, the dynamics is determined by the same ensemble that describes static (equal-time) correlations. For many integrable models, static correlation functions of local observables after a quantum quench relax to stationary values, which are described by a generalized Gibbs ensemble. The same generalized Gibbs ensemble then determines dynamic correlation functions, and the basic form of the fluctuation dissipation theorem holds, although the absorption and emission spectra are not simply related as in the thermal case. For quenches in the transverse field Ising chain, we derive explicit expressions for the time evolution of dynamic order parameter correlators after a quench.

On Conservation Laws, Relaxation and Pre-relaxation after a Quantum Quench

We consider the time evolution following a quantum quench in spin-1/2 chains. It is well known that local conservation laws constrain the dynamics and, eventually, the stationary behavior of local observables. We show that some widely studied models, such as the quantum XY model, possess extra families of local conservation laws in addition to the translation invariant ones. As a consequence, the additional charges must be included in the generalized Gibbs ensemble that describes the stationary properties. The effects go well beyond a simple redefinition of the stationary state. The time evolution of a non-translation-invariant state under a (translation-invariant) Hamiltonian with a perturbation that weakly breaks the hidden symmetries underlying the extra conservation laws exhibits pre-relaxation. In addition, in the limit of small perturbation, the time evolution following pre-relaxation can be described by means of a time-dependent generalized Gibbs ensemble.

Transport in out-of-equilibrium XXZ chains: Nonballistic behavior and correlation functions

We consider the nonequilibrium protocol where two semi-infinite gapped XXZ chains, initially prepared in different equilibrium states, are suddenly joint together. At large times, a generalized hydrodynamic description applies, according to which the system can locally be represented by space- and time- dependent stationary states. The magnetization displays an unusual behavior: depending on the initial state, its profile may exhibit abrupt jumps that can not be predicted directly from the standard hydrodynamic equations and which signal non-ballistic spin transport. We ascribe this phenomenon to the structure of the local conservation laws and make a prediction for the exact location of the jumps. We find that the jumps propagate at the velocities of the heaviest quasiparticles. By means of tDMRG simulations we show that our theory yields a complete description of the long-time steady profiles of conserved charges, currents, and local correlations.

Pre-relaxation in weakly interacting models

We consider time evolution in models close to integrable points with hidden symmetries that generate infinitely many local conservation laws that do not commute with one another. The system is expected to (locally) relax to a thermal ensemble if integrability is broken, or to a so-called generalised Gibbs ensemble if unbroken. In some circumstances expectation values exhibit quasi-stationary behaviour long before their typical relaxation time. For integrability-breaking perturbations, these are also called pre-thermalisation plateaux, and emerge e.g. in the strong coupling limit of the Bose-Hubbard model. As a result of the hidden symmetries, quasi-stationarity appears also in integrable models, for example in the Ising limit of the XXZ model. We investigate a weak coupling limit, identify a time window in which the effects of the perturbations become significant and solve the time evolution through a mean-field mapping. As an explicit example we study the XYZ spin-

New insights into the entanglement of disjoint blocks

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