Maurizio Martellini

Quasi-isotropic solution of the Einstein equations near a cosmological singularity for a two-fluid cosmological model

The quasi-isotropic inhomogeneous solution of the Einstein equations near a cosmological singularity in the form of a series expansion in the synchronous system of reference, first found by Lifshitz and Khalatnikov in 1960, is generalized to the case of a two-fluid cosmological model. This solution describes non-decreasing modes of adiabatic and isocurvature scalar perturbations and gravitational waves in the regime when deviations of a spacetime metric from the homogeneous isotropic Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) background are large while locally measurable quantities like Riemann tensor components are still close to their FRW values. The general structure of the perturbation series is presented and the first coefficients of the series expansion for the metric tensor and the fluid energy densities and velocities are calculated explicitly.

BLACK HOLES AND THE THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

We discuss in the framework of black hole thermodynamics some aspects relative to the third law in the case of black holes of the Kerr-Newman family. In the light of the standard proof of the equivalence between the unattainability of the zero temperature and the entropic version of the third law it is remarked that the unattainability has a special character in black hole thermodynamics. Also the zero temperature limit which obtained in the case of very massive black holes is discussed and it is shown that a violation of the entropic version in the charged case occurs. The violation of the Bekenstein-Hawking law in favour of zero entropy S_E=0 in the case of extremal black holes is suggested as a natural solution for a possible violation of the second law of thermodynamics. Thermostatic arguments in support of the unattainability are explored, and

Information Security of Highly Critical Wireless Networks

S_E=0

Assessing Cyberattacks Against Wireless Networks of the Next Global Internet of Things Revolution: Industry 4.0

for extremal black holes is shown to be again a viable solution. The third law of black hole dynamics by W.Israel is then interpreted as a further strong corroboration to the picture of a discontinuity between extremal states and non-extremal ones.We discuss in the framework of black hole thermodynamics some aspects relative to the third law in the case of black holes of the Kerr–Newman family. In the light of the standard proof of the equivalence between the unattainability of the zero temperature and the entropic version of the third law it is remarked that the unattainability has a special character in black hole thermodynamics. Also the zero temperature limit which obtained in the case of very massive black holes is discussed and it is shown that a violation of the entropic version in the charged case occurs. The violation of the Bekenstein–Hawking law in favour of zero entropy SE=0 in the case of extremal black holes is suggested as a natural solution for a possible violation of the second law of thermodynamics. Thermostatic arguments in support of the unattainability are explored, and SE=0 for extremal black holes is shown to be again a viable solution. The third law of black hole dynamics by W. Israel is then interpreted as a further strong corroboration to the picture of a discontinuity between extremal states and non-extremal ones.

From Fortress to Resilience

The first € price and the £ and

Cyber Security and Resilience of Industrial Control Systems and Critical Infrastructures

price are net prices, subject to local VAT. Prices indicated with * include VAT for books; the €(D) includes 7% for Germany, the €(A) includes 10% for Austria. Prices indicated with ** include VAT for electronic products; 19% for Germany, 20% for Austria. All prices exclusive of carriage charges. Prices and other details are subject to change without notice. All errors and omissions excepted. M. Martellini, S. Abaimov, S. Gaycken, C. Wilson Information Security of Highly Critical Wireless Networks

Cyber Security for Nuclear Power Plants

Historically, technology advances and increase in productivity led to revolutionary societal changes and industrial development. The first industrial revolution created machines to replace hand work and invented steam engine to decrease hard labor. The ambitious engineer thought catalyzed the second industrial revolution, electrification increased the working hours and assembly lines enhanced mass production in the beginning of the twentieth century. While its second part witnessed a real breakthrough in computer engineering, and industrial automation spread exponentially taking over the manual controls; cyberspace ensured global digital communication, mobile connection, and e-commerce. Electronics and internet technologies created the thirst industrial revolution. The beginning of the XXI century is operating with such realities as Internet of Things, Robotics, Virtual Reality, Cyber Warfare, and Industry 4.0.

Governance and Management Frameworks

“From Fortress to Resilience” written by Maurizio Martellini, Sandro Bologna and Alessandro Fasani, outlines firstly the need for differentiating approaches between dealing with cyber attacks against critical infrastructures, that must be dealt by engineers, and cyber attacks against government infrastructures and institutions, that must be dealt by the intelligence. The paper then focuses on the imperative of moving from a “fortress” to a “resilience” approach, that’s to say from a preventive, passive defense to an holistic one that can adapt to diverse cyber attacks and can recover and recover quickly when systems are damaged.

Security Technologies for Networked Devices

“Cyber Security And Resilience Of Industrial Control Systems And Critical Infrastructures”, written by Maurizio Martellini, Sandro Bologna and Alessandro Fasani, it’s a natural follow-up of the previous paper and describes what Industrial Control Systems are, provides an analysis on what are the main vulnerabilities affecting ICS and describes the principal methodologies for attacking them. Then, the paper defines what measures could be taken in order to make ICS and Critical Infrastructures resilient. The document ends outlining what international measures are being taken in order to protect critical infrastructure and their systems.

A Reflection on the Future of the CBRN Security Paradigm

Cyber Security for Nuclear Power Plants by Thomas Shea and Sandro Gaycken and Maurizio Martellini is a meticulous analysis of the current situation regarding the security of Nuclear Power Plants. It describes the current stage, outlining the motivations of potential cyberattacks and how they could be carried out. It proceeds in presenting an all-comprehensive security circle that provides opportunities for engagement and collaboration to deal with cyberissues at various levels. Since this paper was presented at the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit of 2012, it ends with useful recommended action for the Summit to take, in order to ensure that the peaceful use of nuclear energy is not vulnerable to cyberattacks.