Max Katz

A Review of Dissolved Gas Supersaturation Literature

Abstract Dissolved gas supersaturation is a condition that results from natural and human-caused processes. Supersaturation can result in gas bubble disease which has been described in a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates. In recent years dissolved gas supersaturation resulting from dams and thermal discharges has produced mortalities of fish in several cases. This review discusses most of the available literature dealing with dissolved gas supersaturation and the recorded cases of gas bubble disease.

The Effects of Sewage Pollution on the Fish Population of a Midwestern Stream

Abstract Collections of fish were made in Lytle Creek, Clinton County, Ohio, to determine the effect of the partially treated domestic sewage of Wilmington, Ohio, on the fish populations of this stream. The farther the collecting localities were downstream from the plant effluent, the greater were the numbers of species and individuals found. In the septic areas, immediately below the effluent, no fish were observed or collected. Two miles below, in the recovery zone, an average of 1.2 species and 2.2 individuals were taken per collection, with 8 different species represented. Three miles below, also in the recovery zone, 12 species were represented in our collections, with a mean of 1.7 species and 10.8 individuals per collection. In the lower portion of the recovery zone, 4.4 miles below the effluent, 32 species were taken, with a mean of 12.7 species and 197 individuals. In the clean-water zone, 36 species were taken, with a mean of 16.7 species and 294 individuals. No species could be used as indicato...

Infections of the Hemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951, in Freshwater Teleosts of the Pacific Coast

Abstract Infections of Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951, are common and widely distributed in freshwater teleosts of the Pacific coast from southern British Columbia to northern California. The hemoflagellates are reported from 16 species of fish, representing four families and including 10 new hosts. The most susceptible hosts, as indicated by the incidence and intensity of infection, are the pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and coho (O. kitsutch) salmon, the torrent (Cottus rhotheus) and coastrange sculpin (C. aleuticus), and the longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae). The infected fish are typical cold-water species, occurring only in streams of generally low temperatures, graveled beds, and moderate to swift flowing currents. In this natural environment, the fish are associated with Piscicola salmositica (Meyer, 1946), the only known leech vector of the hemoflagellates. It is suggested that but one distinct species, C. salmositica, occurs in the blood of the various teleost fishes in this geographically ...

Transmission of the hemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951, by a rhynchobdellid vector.

The transmission of Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951, a hemoflagellate of freshwater teleosts, was investigated in experiments involving the rhynchobdellid leech, Piscicola salmositica Meyer, 1946. Uninfected leeches developed metacyclic stages of Cryptobia in their digestive tracts after feeding on naturally infected torrent sculpins (Cottus rhotheus). When naturally infected leeches were fasted and then allowed to engorge on uninfected juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and torrent sculpins, parasitemias developed in the fish as early as 5 days after the leeches had fed. Infections did not appear in uninfected fish after ingesting infected leeches, nor in uninfected leeches after feeding on the blood of uninfected fish. C. lynchi Katz, 1951, is declared a synonym of C. salmositica. Aquatic leeches are recognized as vectors of Cryptobia (= Trypanoplasma) occurring in the blood of European freshwater fishes (Leger, 1904; Keysselitz, 1906; Brumpt, 1906, 1907; Robertson, 1912). Yet, as far as is known, there are no records of leeches as vectors of these hemoflagellates in freshwater teleosts of North America. Infections of Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951 (Mastigophora: Cryptobiidae) have been reported in adult and young salmonids and in sculpins of western Washington and Oregon (Katz, 1951; Davison et al., 1954; Katz et al., 1960, 1961). Similar, if not identical parasites, have also been found in various teleosts of northern California (Wales and Wolf, 1955). In the same general localities, the leeches, Piscicola salmositica Meyer, 1946 (Rhynchobdellae : Piscicolidae), are habitual ectoparasites of adult salmonids (Meyer, 1946, 1949; Earp and Schwab, 1954; Haderlie, 1953). Both the hemoflagellates and the leeches are apparently endemic to the Pacific coast of the North

The Effect of Kraft Pulp Mill Wastes on some Aquatic Organisms

Abstract A study has been made of the toxic substances which may be found in kraft pulp-mill waste-waters. It has been determined that the sulphides, mercaptans, resin acid soaps, and sodium hydroxide constitute the greatest hazard. The minimum lethal concentration of these and other materials to fresh-water minnows, Daphnia, and aquatic insect larvae has been established. Methods have been devised for evaluating these materials in kraft-waste waters, and data from the examination of the wastes of a typical northern kraft mill are presented.

Host Relationships of Cryptobia salmositica (Protozoa: Mastigophora) in a Western Washington Hatchery Stream

Abstract The periodicity, incidence, and intensity of infection of the hemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951, in freshwater fishes corresponds to the biological association between teleost hosts and rhynchobdellid vector: adult and young coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), the torrent sculpin (Cottus rhotheus), and the salmonid leech (Piscicola salmositica). Adult salmon and leeches occupy Soos Creek, a western Washington stream, only during the fall and winter months. The incidence and intensities of Cryptobia in the maturing salmon increase in response to the period that feeding and infected leeches are carried, and ultimately 80 to 100% of the spawning population acquire the parasites. Young cohos also become infected during the fall and winter, but the incidence is generally less than 5%; the overwintering fingerling population, including the few infected young, emigrates seaward in the spring. The incidence of Cryptobia in the resident sculpin population averages 60%, but significantly lowe...

The Length and Growth of 0-Year Class Creek Chubs in Relation to Domestic Pollution

Abstract The lengths of creek chubs, Semotilus a. atromaculatus, of the same year class differ significantly in the various pollutional zones of Lytle Creek, Clinton County, Ohio. In the clean-water zone above a sewage treatment plant outfall, where the stream is very small, the 0-year creek chub taken in August 1952 averaged 42.3 millimeters in total length. The creek chubs of the same year class, found in the upper portion of the recovery zone, averaged 53.3 millimeters, while in the enriched lower portion of the recovery zone they were larger, averaging 63.8 millimeters. In the lower clean-water zone, the fish were smaller and had a mean length of 52.0 millimeters. In the upper recovery zone, the creek chubs apparently did not survive the winter season. Despite a considerable minnow fishery, significant numbers of 1-year-old or older fish were present in the upper clean-water zone, lower recovery zone, and lower clean-water zone. Growth was rapid in the upper recovery zone during the early summer, but ...

The Fecundity of Herring from Various Parts of the North Pacific

Abstract A comparison is made of the fecundities of herring from Seal Rock, Washington, British Columbia, Hokkaido, Japan, and Peter the Great Bay, Siberia. Among herring of the same size, the Seal Rock fish produce more eggs than the British Columbia herring; and the British Columbia specimens bear more eggs than the Siberian herring. Among herring of the same age, the Siberian herring is far more fecund than either the herring of Seal Rock or Hokkaido. Fecundity is suggested as an additional criterion to aid in the differentiation of herring races.