Maya Khemlani David

Language in the media

A general word is a word that you use in everyday language. A precise word is a higher level word that has a meaning similar―but more specific than―the general word. Many fields had a vocabulary that is specific to them, and that precisely expresses things that are particular to that field. Once such field is journalism. DIRECTIONS: Replace the underlined general word(s) in each sentence with a precise word that is common to the field of journalism. Write the precise word on the line.

Mapping ecology of literacies in educational setting: the case of local mother tongues vis-à-vis Urdu and English languages in Pakistan

This study critically examines the literacy levels of undergraduate students in Pakistan to compare and contrast the proficiency levels, particularly reading and writing of their mother tongues versus Urdu and English, and to study real and perceived vitality of local/regional mother tongues vis-à-vis Urdu and English. The research investigated 162 undergraduate students using questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Drawing principally on Continua of Biliteracy, an ecological framework (“Revisiting the Continua of Biliteracy: International and Critical Perspectives.” Language and Education: An International Journal 14 (2): 96–122; Continua of Biliteracy: An Ecological Framework for Educational Policy, Research, and Practice in Multilingual Settings. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters), the data suggest that the respondents’ proficiency levels in academia-oriented skills like reading and writing are considerably lower in mother tongues than in Urdu and English languages. The respondents tend to attach greater value to academic literacy in Urdu and English over their mother tongues for they believe Urdu and English hold significant pragmatic and economistic value as languages of power and wealth. Local mother tongues are perceived to be good as identity carriers in a multilingual and multiethnic country, and their use could best be made in intra-ethnic interaction and family chitchat. As per Continua model, literacy situations across contexts, development and content indicate an explicit privileging of Urdu and English (traditionally more powerful end) of continuum over local mother tongues (traditionally less powerful end).

Politics, Economics and Identity: Mapping the Linguistic Landscape of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

This study explores the linguistic landscape of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Using photographs as a source of data, the study collects samples from both government and private signage from five selected neighbourhoods of the city. In addition to photographs, interviews with business owners have been conducted and used for triangulation purposes. The data suggest that multidimensionality marks the linguistic landscape of the city. The multidimensionality is embedded in the complex sociopolitical, economic and ethnolinguistic facets and trends the linguistic landscape demonstrates. The sociopolitical dimension signifies the officially laid-down monolingual Malay-oriented policies, which accentuate compulsory use of the national language Malay. Non-compliance to the official version of policy results in strict punitive actions. The economic dimension manifests in the prominent use of English for its advertising and symbolic potential. Similarly, the ethnolinguistic dimension denotes vitality and identity expressed by the Chinese and Indian communities in specific localities. The study argues that although the official policy is formulated and implemented with the intent of unifying a multiethnic population, discursive defiance to this policy at the bottom levels can be triggered by many reasons including pragmatism, religion or identity, and such defiance clearly transpires in the linguistic and semiotic representation of the signboards.

The English-medium fever in Pakistan: analyzing policy, perceptions and practices through additive bi/multilingual education lens

ABSTRACT This study analyses the crisis of English teaching in Pakistan. The study examines stakeholders’ perceptions and classroom practices to identify theoretical fault lines and institutional/pedagogical challenges in the low-fee schools. We deem such research critical in the backdrop of publics heavy reliance and feverish pursuit of low-fee English-medium schools which have expanded exponentially off late. Deploying mixed methodology that utilized a questionnaire, interviews and observation, the research draws information from students, teachers and school principals. Results suggest that most respondents perceive early-English policy inevitable, and believe that the earlier the English-medium policy, the better. Respondents’ majority also views additive multilingual policy unfavorably presuming that more languages will amount to learners’ confusion. Teaching mother tongues is being perceived as waste of time. Actual English teaching practices appear illusory, as direct and contextualized use of English is a rare feature while Urdu stands as the de facto medium of classroom transactions. Grammar-translation methodologies and classrooms activities leave little potential for communicative competence, concept formulation and linguistic internalization. We conclude that although respondents’ support for English-medium policy is rational; however, it is fraught with illusions as neither teaching/learning practices replicate English-medium policy nor bi/multilingual education research supports foreign language as medium for early schooling.

English Language Teaching in Pakistan: Language Policies, Delusions and Solutions

English is perceived as a passport to better employment and upward social mobility in Pakistan. In a society characterized by acute class division and intense class consciousness, parents from the lower, lower middle or working strata of society aspire to enroll their children in the English-medium schools. Public demand for English medium schooling has led to an exponential growth of low-fee/low-cost schools over the last two decades where “by the end of 2005, one in every three enrolled children at the primary level was studying in a private school” (Coleman, H. (2010). The English language in development (p. 10). London: British Council). Importantly, behind the rapid spread and intense pursuit of English medium schooling is also a belief that the earlier the child is exposed to the English language, the faster she/he will learn the language. Employing a mixed methodology, this study analyzes English-medium policy in 11 low-fee private schools in part of Pakistan. Based on evidence gathered through multiple research tools such as a questionnaire survey, classroom observation and interviews with students, teachers, school principals and experts observers, the study finds that early English-medium policy appears counterproductive as most students demonstrate poor English language proficiency. Factors such as unavailability of qualified English teachers, poor pedagogies, sociocultural dynamics, and overall institutional weaknesses contribute to the failure of the policy. The study concludes that the maximum exposure and greater learning beliefs associated with earlier English teaching are delusional as those beliefs are underpinned neither by theories of bilingual/multilingual education nor by the schools and social environment of the children. We argue that in broader terms, the English-only policy poses potential reductionist effects on existing language ecology, and English-medium private schooling furthers socioeconomic disparities between the haves and the have-nots. Therefore, we propose that the early-English policy may be reviewed, and replaced by mother tongue based multilingual policy. English is an important language; therefore, it may be taught as a language rather than as a medium at the primary level. As quality English-medium schooling stands the preserve of the elites only; therefore, we advocate for the democratization of English and its equitable distribution across all strata of society.

Conversion Narratives and Construction of Identity among Christians in Malaysia.

Abstract Conversion narratives in the form of testimony are powerful means of consolidating and strengthening ones new religious identity (Beit-Hallahmi, Prolegomena to the psychological study of religion, Bucknell University Press, 1989; Rambo, Understanding religious conversion, Yale University Press, 1993; Stromberg 1993, as cited in Emmons & Paloutzian, Annual Review of Psychology 54: 377–402, 2003). Using conversion narratives is common among Christians in testifying how they came to know Christ. The testimony usually presents two distinct identities of the speaker: before and after accepting Christ as Lord and savior. These two distinct identities are examined in this paper to see how speakers construct themselves in the form of testimony. This paper specifically analyzes the moves and lexical choices used in the narratives. To carry out the study, 15 recorded conversion narratives were used.

Disjunction between language policy and children's sociocultural ecology – an analysis of English-medium education policy in Pakistan

Sociocultural theory and constructionists propose that language learning is a socially and culturally mediated process, and they emphasize on social interaction. This study examines the amount of students’ exposure to the school language to account for the link between English-medium policies in low-fee English-medium schools and childrens sociocultural ecology. Employing a mixed methodology, the study draws samples (245 students, 8 teachers, and 11 school principals) from 11 schools in Pakistan. Sociocultural ecology denotes the languages students come into contact, either passive or active, in domains such as schools, homes, and via media. Results suggest that majority of children belong to uneducated or less-educated families whose exposure to English language is negligible through either reading material, social interaction, or via media. Urdu is the de facto language of interaction in schools. English is limited to occasional clichés, superficial norms, or cosmetic behavioral commands than genuine communication intent. Based on data and experts’ views, study concludes that English language stands foreign to sociocultural ecologies of most children which results in several disadvantages – incomprehension of subject material, rote learning, reduced creativity/critical thinking, and parents’ disengagement from the teaching/learning processes. We propose for a mother tongue-based multilingual policy for earlier stages of schooling.

Requests : Voices of Malaysian children

Abstract To make a request is to express a desire for the addressee to do something, and because it bears a requirement to be complied with, a request is usually best achieved when performed with tact and politeness. Bach and Harnish (1984: 48) define the term request as ‘a speech act expressing the speakers desire for the hearer to do something with the added proviso that the hearer takes this expressed desire as the reason to act’. This paper examines the many varied forms that this speech act takes in the speech of five young Malaysian children who generally use the English language to communicate with their mother. The data shows the creativity of young children for whom English is a second language in that there are many ways of making a request. Although the forms vary, the function is constant, i. e. asking for something. The various strategies used by the children, the variety of English, i. e. Malaysian English, and the use of code switching in the data will also be described.

Function and Role of Laughter in Malaysian Women s and Men s Talk

Abstract Academically speaking, for many years humour has been studied in the spheres of philosophy, linguistics, sociology, psychology, anthropology and even the neurosciences. In its role, humour allows the speaker to represent a parallel reality, which often induces positive feedback such as laughter, smiles and grins from his/her fellow listeners. This gender study of humour, analyses the roles and functions as well as the similarities and differences of humour found in the recorded discourses of Malaysian males and females. Whilst males and females tend to share similar topics (such as sex), the data shows that both genders approach them in different ways. That is to say, males tend to be more direct as opposed to females.

Cultural maintenance within the Tamil minority in Kuching: spanning three generations

Abstract This paper intends to determine whether the minority Tamil immigrant community in Kuching, Sarawak still maintains its heritage culture or has assimilated it with the dominant cultures in Sarawak. Are the Tamils in Kuching still maintaining their cultural norms? The data comes from a set of questionnaires investigating language, social and cultural identity, and unstructured interviews spanning three generations. The results show that, while some assimilation has occurred, the community has maintained its cultural identity. The most interesting revelation is the growing number of the younger generation who are adapting their heritage and cultural norms, clearly demonstrating Gibson’s accommodation and acculturation without assimilation.