Md. Bashir Uddin

Determination of the Effect of Having Energy Drinks by Analyzing Blood Perfusion Signal

In this work, we evaluate the effect of having energy drinks using a laser Doppler Flowmetry technique by analyzing the blood perfusion signal before and after having energy drinks on healthy human subjects. After having energy drinks, it is observed that the amplitude of blood perfusion signal increases. Further analyzing the blood perfusion signal we have tried to determine the effect of having energy drinks on human subjects. The oscillations extended over a wide frequency scale and their periods varied in time. Within the frequency range studied, 0.0095–1.6 Hz, five characteristic oscillations were revealed, arising from both local and central regulatory mechanisms, e.g. endothelial/metabolic activity, sympathetic nerve activity, vascular myogenic activity, respiratory activity, and heart activity. We observed a significant change in metabolic and sympathetic nerve activity after having energy drinks. The frequency component relating metabolic and sympathetic nerve activity increase around 300% and 140% respectively. It is also observed a moderate change in myogenic and heart activity as the relative and absolute amplitude of the oscillations of this frequency interval increased around 80% and very little or all most no change in respiratory activity in response to having energy drinks.

Effects of elevated sleeping postures on cardiac functions analyzing electrical bio-impedance and skin blood perfusion

This study investigated the effects of elevated sleeping postures on cardiac functions by analyzing electrical bio-impedance and skin blood perfusion in case of normal human subjects. Using different data acquisition units, the electrical bio-impedance based stroke volume and cardiac output were calculated in different elevated sleeping postures. Skin blood perfusion was measured also by laser Doppler flowmetry technique in all elevations to evaluate cardiac activity using frequency domain analysis. At first, data recordings were performed in supine sleeping (0° elevation) then sleeping elevations were changed sequentially from 0° to 15°, 15° to 30° and 30° to 45°. Data were recorded in all mentioned sleeping elevations for every subject. In most of the subjects, the parameters of cardiac functions were found highest in supine sleeping. When sleeping elevations were changed the cardiac functions were also changed in some significant level. Among all elevations except 0°, most significant improvements in cardiac functions were observed in 30° elevation only. It was highly recommended to sleep with an elevation around 30° to get best cardiac functions for those subjects only who prefer to sleep in elevation rather than supine.

Effects of caffeine doses on cardiac activity using laser Doppler flowmetry

In this work, the effects of different caffeine doses on cardiac activity have been evaluated by frequency domain analysis of laser Doppler flowmetry signal. Using different data acquisition units, the blood perfusion on human forearm middle finger tip has been recorded. Blood perfusion has been recorded before and immediately after the consumption of all caffeine doses. Different caffeine doses contain different amount of caffeine but approximately same amount of sugar. Recorded and pre-processed data have been analyzed using frequency spectrum within the frequency range of cardiac activity. It is found that the consumption of caffeine free dose increases the cardiac activity. Besides, the consumption of caffeinated doses decreases the cardiac activity with respect to normal condition (before consumption). As the amount of caffeine consumed increases, the cardiac activity improves. Result shows 42.9%, 32.2% and 39.4% decrement in cardiac activity due to the consumption of 27 mg, 48 mg, and 64 mg caffeine respectively. The consumption of 80 mg caffeine dose significantly increases the cardiac activity. The outcome indicates the reduction of heart functions due to the consumption of lower caffeine dose.

Determination of the effect of having energy drinks using laser Doppler flowmetry

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of having energy drinks using laser Doppler flowmetry technique by determining blood flow changes after having energy drinks on healthy human subjects. After having energy drinks, it is observed that the amplitude of blood perfusion signal increases. Further we have analyzed frequency response of blood perfusion signal using windowed Fast Fourier Transform. The oscillations extended over a wide frequency scale and their periods varied in time. Within the frequency range studied, 0.0095-1.6 Hz, five characteristic oscillations were revealed, arising from both local and central regulatory mechanisms e.g. endothelial/metabolic activity, sympathetic nerve activity, vascular myogenic activity, respiratory activity, and heart activity. We observed a significant change in metabolic and sympathetic nerve activity after having energy drinks. The frequency component relating metabolic and sympathetic nerve activity increase around 300% and 140% respectively. It is also observed a moderate change in myogenic and heart activity as the relative and absolute amplitude of the oscillations of this frequency interval increased around 80% in response to having energy drinks.

Supine vs. elevated supine postures: Comparative effects on blood ejection and perfusion

The comparative effects on blood ejection and perfusion between supine and elevated supine postures with upper body elevations were investigated in this study. Blood ejection and perfusion were measured by electrical bioimpedance and laser Doppler flowmetry techniques respectively in normal human subjects. Using hardware and software, electrical bioimpedance based blood ejection from heart were calculated in different supine postures (normal and elevated). Skin blood perfusions were also measured by laser Doppler flowmetry technique in all cases. At first, data recordings were performed in normal supine posture (upper body elevated by 0o). Data recordings were done also when upper body elevations were sequentially increased to 15o, 30o, and 45o. Changes in Blood ejection and perfusion were significant when upper body elevations were increased to a higher angle. Results showed highest blood ejection and perfusion in normal supine posture or elevated supine posture (30° elevation only) for most of the subjects. Optimum blood ejection and perfusion are desirable for better performance in blood circulation as well as to meet bodys metabolic needs. It is recommended highly to sleep in supine posture with no elevation or 30° elevated supine posture only if the subject prefers to sleep in some elevation.

Caffeine dose dependent blood perfusion: Effects on rhythmic activities using frequency spectrum

The dependency of blood perfusion on caffeine doses and the effects on different rhythmic activities were investigated by spectral components of skin blood perfusion signal. The skin blood perfusion on human forearm middle finger tip was recorded by laser Doppler flowmetry technique at both before and immediately after the consumption of caffeine dose. Different caffeine doses contained different amount of caffeine but approximately same amount of sugar. Recorded and processed data was investigated using spectral component within the frequency range 0.009–1.6 Hz. It was found that the consumption of caffeine free dose increased the heart activity about 85.66% where other activities showed a tiny change. Consumption of low value caffeine dose resulted notable decrement in metabolic, myogenic, and heart activities. Consumption of moderate value caffeine dose resulted significant increment in sympathetic, respiratory, and heart activities. High value caffeine dose consumption resulted remarkable increment in sympathetic (230.26%) and myogenic (263.01%) activities. The results indicated significant decrement and increment for low and high value caffeine dose consumption respectively.

Effects of sleeping positions on cardiac output and cardiac activity analyzing blood perfusion

In this work, the effects of different sleeping positions on cardiac output and cardiac activity are evaluated and a healthier sleeping position is recommended. Using different data acquisition units, the electrical bio-impedance based stroke volume is calculated in four different sleeping positions and hence cardiac output is evaluated. In addition, blood perfusion is measured by laser Doppler flowmetry technique in different sleeping positions to evaluate cardiac activity using frequency domain analysis. The stroke volume and hence the cardiac output is found maximum in soldier position for all subjects. Frequency domain analysis is also used to evaluate and compare cardiac activity with cardiac output in four different sleeping positions. Fast Fourier transform and power spectral density analysis show that the cardiac activity is highest at soldier position for most of the subjects. In addition, left sleeping position shows lowest cardiac output and cardiac activity. Since low blood perfusion and blood ejection is harmful for heart as well as human health, soldier sleeping position is highly recommended for all except the person with sleep disorders.