Meghan Murray

Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in youth with HIV: a U.S.-based provider survey.

In 2009, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) recommended initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) for youth with HIV at higher CD4 counts (≤500 cells/mm³) than previously recommended (≤350 cells/mm³). Barriers experienced by providers regarding ART initiation in this population have not been assessed. From 12/2011-01/2012, we asked providers from the American Academy of HIV Medicine (AAHIVM) [corrected] listserv who prescribed ART to youth (ages 13-25 years) with behaviorally-acquired HIV to complete a web-based survey. We presented a clinical vignette to explore potential barriers for initiating ART. Overall, 274/290 (94%) respondents completed the survey. Most felt confident that evidence supported initiating ART at higher CD4 counts (94%), and that benefits outweighed the risks of long-term toxicity (98%) or developing resistance (88%). Most (96%) initiated ART in the patient vignette (age 19 years, CD4 count ~400). Patient characteristics (e.g., unstable housing or drug use) were perceived as large barriers to ART initiation. Low response rate (13%) was a limitation. Respondents were knowledgeable about relevant DHHS guidelines, believed sufficient evidence supported ART initiation at higher CD4 counts, and would provide treatment to those with CD4 counts ≤500cells/mm³. Understanding and overcoming barriers to initiation of ART perceived by providers is important to ensure implementation of ART treatment guidelines.

Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus in a Pediatric Long-Term Care Facility

BACKGROUND Viral respiratory pathogens cause outbreaks in pediatric long-term care facilities (LTCFs), but few studies have used viral diagnostic testing to identify the causative pathogens. We describe the use of such testing during a prolonged period of respiratory illness and elucidate the epidemiology of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) at our LTCF. DESIGN Retrospective study of influenza-like illness (ILI). SETTING A 136-bed pediatric LTCF from January 1 through April 30, 2010. METHODS The ILI case definition included fever, cough, change in oropharyngeal secretions, increase in oxygen requirement, and/or wheezing. RESULTS During the study period, 69 episodes of ILI occurred in 61 (41%) of 150 residents. A viral pathogen was detected in 27 (39%) of the episodes, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (n = 3), influenza A virus (not typed; n = 2), parainfluenza virus (n =2), adenovirus (n = 1), and hMPV (n = 19). Twenty-seven of the residents with ILI (44%) required transfer to acute care hospitals (mean length of hospitalization, 12 days; range, 3-47 days). Residents with tracheostomies were more likely to have ILI (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.99 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.87-8.53]; P = .0004). The mortality rate for residents with ILI was 1.6%. Residents with hMPV were younger (P = .03), more likely to be transferred to an acute care facility (OR, 3.73 [95% CI, 1.17-11.95]; P = .02), and less likely to have a tracheostomy (adjusted OR, 0.19 [95% CI, 0.047-0.757]; P = .02 ). DISCUSSION Diverse pathogens, most notably hMPV, caused ILI in our pediatric LTCF during a prolonged period of time. Viral testing was helpful in characterizing the epidemiology of ILI in this population.

Health care–associated infection outbreaks in pediatric long-term care facilities

Children in pediatric long-term care facilities (pLTCFs) have complex medical conditions and increased risk for health care–associated infections (HAIs). We performed a retrospective study from January 2010-December 2013 at 3 pLTCFs to describe HAI outbreaks and associated infection control interventions. There were 62 outbreaks involving 700 cases in residents and 250 cases in staff. The most common interventions were isolation precautions and education and in-services. Further research should examine interventions to limit transmission of infections in pLTCFs.

Implementing a Standardized Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis Protocol for Neonates Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

BACKGROUND A lack of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines for neonates undergoing cardiac surgery has resulted in a wide variation in practice. We sought to do the following: (1) Determine the safety of a perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis protocol for neonatal cardiac surgery as measured by surgical site infections (SSIs) rates before and after implementation of the protocol; and (2) evaluate compliance with selected process measures for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. METHODS This quasi-experimental study included all cardiac procedures performed on neonates from July 2009 to June 2012 at a single center. An interdisciplinary task force developed a standardized perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis protocol in the fourth quarter of 2010. The SSI rates were compared in the preintervention (July 2009 to December 2010) versus the postintervention periods (January 2011 to June 2012). Compliance with process measures (appropriate drug, dose, timing, and discontinuation of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis) was compared in the 2 periods. RESULTS During the study period, 283 cardiac procedures were performed. The SSI rates were similar in the preintervention and postintervention periods (6.21 vs 5.80 per 100 procedures, respectively). Compliance with the 4 process measures significantly improved postintervention. CONCLUSIONS Restricting the duration of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis after neonatal cardiac surgery to 48 hours in neonates with a closed sternum and to 24 hours after sternal closure was safe and did not increase the rate of SSIs. Compliance with selected process measures improved in the postintervention period. Additional multicenter studies are needed to develop national guidelines for perioperative prophylaxis for this population.

Infection prevention and control practices in pediatric long-term care facilities

Pediatric long-term care facilities (pLTCFs) provide for children with chronic, complex medical needs and therefore face unique challenges for infection prevention and control (IP&C). At a conference in 2012, pLTCF providers reported IP&C issues of greatest concern in a survey. Major concerns included the lack of IP&C best practice guidelines, multidrug-resistant bacteria, and viral respiratory infections. Best practice guidelines for IP&C specific to pLTCF populations should be developed and evaluated.

Challenges in Conducting Research in Pediatric Long-Term Care Facilities

Background. Children residing in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) have complex medical problems and unique care needs, yet research in this setting is rare. As part of an intervention study to improve patient safety (Keep It Clean for Kids [KICK]), we describe the challenges encountered and recommend approaches to build a successful and sustained collaborative relationship between pediatric LTCFs and the research team. Methods. We implemented a program with 5 components: leadership commitment, active staff participation by the creation of KICK teams, workflow assessments, staff training in the World Health Organization’s “5 Moments for Hand Hygiene,” and electronic monitoring and feedback to staff regarding hand hygiene practices. Results. Major challenges encountered were establishing trust, building research teams, enhancing staff participation, and engaging families and visitors. Approaches to deal with these challenges are discussed. Conclusions. Conducting research in pediatric LTCFs requires sustained commitment to dealing with challenges and establishing collaborative relationships with administrative and frontline staff.

Incidence, Risks, and Types of Infections in Pediatric Long-term Care Facilities

Importance The population of infants, children, and adolescents cared for at pediatric long-term care facilities is increasing in complexity and size and thus consumes substantial health care resources. Infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in this population, but few recent data describe their incidence and effects. Objectives To describe the types of infections diagnosed in residents of pediatric long-term care facilities, calculate infection rates, and identify risk factors for respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study, which was part of a larger trial called Keep It Clean for Kids, was conducted from September 1, 2012, to December 31, 2015, at 3 pediatric long-term care facilities in New York. Residents of the facilities who were 21 years or younger and either residents or admitted during the study period (n = 717) were enrolled in the study. Medical records were reviewed to identify infections diagnosed by site clinicians. Main Outcomes and Measures Incidence of infections, such as RTIs; skin and soft-tissue infections; chronic comorbid conditions, including neurologic and respiratory disorders; and device use, including gastrostomy tubes and tracheostomies, was determined. Risk factors for RTIs were assessed by generalized linear mixed method regression modeling. Results The 717 residents had a median (interquartile range) age at enrollment of 2.6 (0.4-9.1) years; 358 (49.9%) were male. Four hundred twenty-eight residents (59.7%) had feeding tubes and 215 (30.0%) had tracheostomies. Most chronic comorbid conditions were musculoskeletal or ambulation (532 residents [74.2%]), neurologic (505 [70.4%]), respiratory (361 [50.3%]), and gastrointestinal (230 [32.1%]) disorders, and 460 residents (64.2%) had 4 or more chronic comorbid conditions. Site clinicians diagnosed 2052 infections during the 3-year study period. Respiratory tract infections were most common and were diagnosed in 1291 residents (62.9%). The overall infection rate was 5.3 infections per 1000 resident-days, and RTI rates were 3.3 infections per 1000 resident-days. Overall infection rates and rates of RTI, skin and soft-tissue infection, urinary tract infection, and bloodstream infection varied among the 3 sites. In the multivariable model, younger age (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.06), increased number of chronic comorbid conditions (IRR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.06-1.19), and the use of feeding tubes (IRR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.03-1.64) and tracheostomies (IRR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.17-1.69) were associated with RTIs. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, RTIs were the most common infections diagnosed, but modifiable risk factors for RTIs were not identified. Future work should focus on optimizing infection prevention and control strategies to reduce infections, particularly RTIs, in the pediatric long-term care population.

Assessing Nursing Care Needs of Children With Complex Medical Conditions: The Nursing-Kids Intensity of Care Survey (N-KICS).

UNLABELLED Recent medical advances have resulted in increased survival of children with complex medical conditions (CMC), but there are no validated methods to measure their care needs. OBJECTIVES/METHODS To design and test the Nursing-Kids Intensity of Care Survey (N-KICS) tool and describe intensity of nursing care for children with CMC. RESULTS The psychometric evaluation confirmed an acceptable standard for reliability and validity and feasibility. Intensity scores were highest for nursing care related to infection control, medication administration, nutrition, diaper changes, hygiene, neurological and respiratory support, and standing program. CONCLUSIONS Development of a psychometrically sound measure of nursing intensity will help evaluate and plan nursing care for children with CMC.

Developing Case Definitions for Health Care–Associated Infections for Pediatric Long-Term Care Facilities

Health care–associated infections (HAIs) are a leading cause of morbidity, hospitalizations in acute care, mortality, and increased health care costs among residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Children residing in pediatric LTCFs (pLTCFs) have chronic medical conditions, which may increase their risk for HAIs. In addition, group activities are used daily in pLTCF for rehabilitation, socialization, and education, involving a large interdisciplinary care team and volunteers. These unique features of pLTCFs coupled with residents’ young age and vulnerability to infection can facilitate transmission and lead to outbreaks. Standardized surveillance case definitions are an integral part of infection prevention and control for HAI. In 1991, McGeer et al published HAI surveillance case definitions for LTCFs providing care to elderly residents. In 2012, the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published updated HAI surveillance definitions for adults in LTCFs, but noted that definitions should be created for the pLTCF population. We performed a pilot study to assess the utility of the SHEA/CDC surveillance case definitions for children in pLTCFs.

Direct Costs of Acute Respiratory Infections in a Pediatric Long Term Care Facility

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) are a major burden in pediatric long‐term care. We analyzed the financial impact of ARI in 2012–2013. Costs associated with ARI during the respiratory viral season were ten times greater than during the non‐respiratory viral season,