Mei-Rurng Tseng

Continuous blade coating for multi-layer large-area organic light-emitting diode and solar cell

A continuous roll-to-roll compatible blade-coating method for multi-layers of general organic semiconductors is developed. Dissolution of the underlying film during coating is prevented by simultaneously applying heating from the bottom and gentle hot wind from the top. The solvent is immediately expelled and reflow inhibited. This method succeeds for polymers and small molecules. Uniformity is within 10% for 5 cm by 5 cm area with a mean value of tens of nanometers for both organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and solar cell structure with little material waste. For phosphorescent OLED 25 cd/A is achieved for green, 15 cd/A for orange, and 8 cd/A for blue. For fluorescent OLED 4.3 cd/A is achieved for blue, 9 cd/A for orange, and 6.9 cd/A for white. For OLED with 2 cm by 3 cm active area, the luminance variation is within 10%. Power conversion efficiency of 4.1% is achieved for polymer solar cell, similar to spin coating using the same materials. Very-low-cost and high-throughput fabrication of efficient ...

Suppression of efficiency roll off in blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices using double emission layers with additional carrier-transporting material

By employing double emission layers (DELs) into blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting device (PHOLED), the device shows improved current efficiency by a factor of 1.8 as compared with that of device using single emission layer. Furthermore, by doping additional carrier-transporting material into DELs, the device shows only a slight efficiency roll off of 24% from low (1 mA/cm2 and 400 cd/m2) to high current density (40 mA/cm2 and 10 000 cd/m2). The dramatic improvement in device performances can be attributed to the formation of a broader carrier recombination zone and the elimination of carrier accumulation at the interface. A blue PHOLED with a current efficiency of 29.5 cd/A, a power efficiency of 21 lm/W, and a low driving voltage of 4.4 V with a Commission Internationale deL’Eclairage (CIEx,y) of (0.16, 0.35) at a practical brightness of 1000 cd/m2 can be achieved.

Mechanoluminescent and efficient white OLEDs for Pt(II) phosphors bearing spatially encumbered pyridinyl pyrazolate chelates

Three Pt(II) complexes with a formula of [Pt(Lx)2], x = 1, 2 and 3, in which the pyrazole chelate (Lx)H represents 4-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine (1), 5-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine (2) and 4-(tert-butyl)-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine (3), were synthesized, and their photophysical properties were examined. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of 1 and 2 reveal a planar molecular geometry with both Lx chelates adopting a mutually trans configuration. Distinctive packing arrangements within the crystal lattices are observed, e.g., complex 2 shows structural repetitions that prohibit formation of intimate π–π stacking, while complex 1 exhibits an ordered alignment along the axis of the square planar core framework and, remarkably, shows mechanoluminescence and concentration dependent photoluminescence in the poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix (PMMA). In sharp contrast, derivatives 2 and 3 show only the luminescence derived from the monomeric and aggregated state, respectively, which is attributed to the imposed substituent effect. For application, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) were also fabricated using the aforementioned blue dopant 1, attaining the peak external quantum efficiency, current and power efficiencies of ηext = 9.1%, ηc = 18.4 cd A−1 and ηp = 16.6 lm W−1 respectively. With the same device structure, devices based on 3 exhibit an extremely high efficiency orange emission (20.0%, 47.6 cd A−1, 50.8 lm W−1) due to the occurrence of extensive π–π-stacking. Upon combining blue-emitting phosphor 1 and orange-emitting phosphor 3, two white OLED devices are fabricated, one of which obtained by sequentially doping 1, 3 and then 1 into separated layers exhibits performance efficiencies of 11.3%, 28.3 cd A−1, and 21.2 lm W−1, highly stable chromaticity (CIEx = 0.41–0.40 and CIEy = 0.43–0.41), and an adequate color-rendering index (CRI) of 80 at brightness of 370 to 10 800 cd m−2. The other device obtained by co-doping 1 and 3 into a single emissive layer shows improved efficiencies of 15.0%, 44.8 cd A−1, and 46.2 lm W−1, but with a lower CRI of 63.

Low-voltage, high-efficiency blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices

Low-voltage, high-efficiency blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices based on a composite emitter, including a wide-band-gap host, a carrier-transporting material, and an organometallic iridium dopant, have been demonstrated. The devices exhibit an external quantum efficiency of 12%, a power efficiency of 17lm∕W and a low voltage of 4.8V at a practical brightness of 1000cd∕m2 with a CIEx,y of (0.16, 0.35), which was twofold higher than that of using the typical emitter composed of host and dopant only. The dramatic enhancement in performance can be attributed to the transport of carriers into the wide-band-gap host, which can be promoted through doping a carrier-transporting material in emitter for increasing carrier recombination.

Oxygen and Nitrogen Co-Doped GeSbTe Thin Films for Phase-Change Optical Recording

Nitrogen and oxygen co-doped GeSbTe films for phase-change optical recording are investigated. It is found that optical properties of amorphous and crystalline state are similar to that of GeSbTe, crystallization temperature increases and crystalline microstructure is refined which indicate a nucleation rate increases by co-doping. The carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) and erasability of phase-change optical disks are improved being up to 52 dB and 35 dB, respectively, by using an appropriate co-doping concentration in the recording layer.

High Energy Gap OLED Host Materials for Green and Blue PHOLED Materials

In this paper, we developed a series of novel arylamino-containing spiro triplet state host materials for green and blue phosphorescent emitters. With high enough energy gap and compatible HOMO, LUMO levels, we demonstrated the green PHOLED with a low driving voltage of 2.5 V and a high power efficiency of 38.5 lm/W. We also demonstrated blue PHOLED with a very low driving voltage of 3.0 V and a current efficiency of 9.2 cd/A.

Blue-Laser Readout Properties of Super Resolution Near Field Structure Disc with Inorganic Write-Once Recording Layer

A novel inorganic write-once recording material SbNx (antimony nitride) was proposed for super resolution near field structure (super-RENS) discs. The layer structure is polycarbonate substrate (0.6 mm)/ZnS–SiO2 (170 nm)/AgOx (15 nm)/ZnS–SiO2 (40 nm)/SbNx (25 nm)/Ag (100 nm)/UV-curing resin/dummy PC substrate (0.6 mm). The recording layer with high-contrast characteristics enhanced the readout signal, which was compared with that of conventional phase-change materials. The carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of 150 nm mark length was about 44.2 dB at a readout power of 2.5 mW using blue laser. A below-diffraction-limited mark length as short as 60 nm can be readout using blue laser of 405 nm with a lens having a numerical aperture of 0.65.

Interface and thickness tuning for blade coated small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes with high power efficiency

We developed a general method based on fluorescence microscopy to characterize the interface dissolution in multi-layer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) by blade coating. A sharp bi-layer edge was created before blade coating, with the bottom layer being insoluble and top layer soluble. After blade coating, fluorescence images showed that the edge of the top layer shifted when the layer dissolved completely, whereas the bottom layers edge remained in place as a positioning mark. The dissolution depth was determined to be 15–20 nm when the emissive-layer host of 2,6-bis (3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl) pyridine (26DCzPPy) was coated on the hole-transport layer of N,N′-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)-benzidine(NPB), which was consistent with a sudden drop in efficiency of orange OLEDs with layer thickness below 20 nm. Thus, the layer thickness of OLEDs was optimized to stay more than 20 nm for blade coating. For a two-color white OLED with the structure TCTA/26DCzPPy:PO-01-TB:FIrpic/TPBI, efficiency was 24 cd/A and 8.5 lm/W at 1000 cd/m2. For a three-color white OLED with Os(fptz)2(dhpm) added as the emitter, the efficiency was 12.3 cd/A and 3.7 lm/W at 1000 cd/m2. For a green device with the structure TCTA/26DCzPPy:Ir(mppy)3/TPBI, the efficiency was 41.9 cd/A and 23.4 lm/W at 1000 cd/m2.

The Growth and Characterization of Pb-DOPED Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Thin Films

The Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O thin films have been prepared on single crystal (001) MgO substrate by RF magnetron sputtering with a single target. With suitable amount of Pb doping and post-annealing condition, the formation of 110 K superconducting phase in the film could be ameliorated. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the film was dominated by the well-known 2212 and 2223 phases. The proper doping of Pb could not only accelerate the formation of high Tc phase but also improve the connetivity of high-Tc grain.

Thermal and Optical Properties of Organic Dyes for Super-Resolution Recordable Disks

We have studied the characteristics of super resolution optical disks with an organic dye used for the recording layer. It was demonstrated that cyanine dyes with either high decomposition temperature or low absorption show good readout durability and high carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR).