Melike Üner

Formulation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and nanoemulsion of lornoxicam for transdermal delivery

Abstract Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and nanoemulsion (NE) of lornoxicam (LRX) were prepared for the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions of the skin. Compritol® 888 ATO, Lanette® O and oleic acid were used as solid and liquid lipids. SLN, NLC and NE were found physically stable at various temperatures for 6 months. Case I diffusional drug release was detected as the dominant mechanism indicating Fickian drug diffusion from nanoparticles and nanoemulsion. The highest rate of drug penetration through rat skin was obtained with NE followed by NLC, SLN and a gel formulation. Nanoformulations significantly increased drug penetration through rat skin compared to the gel (p < 0.05). Thus, SLN, NLC and NE of LRX can be suggested for relieving painful and inflammatory conditions of the skin

Effect of Vehicles on Release of Meloxicam from Various Topical Formulations

This article evaluates the effect of various vehicles (O/W, W/O and two W/O/W emulsions and a hydrogel) on meloxicam release. One of W/O/W emulsions was named W/O/W-C containing Carbopol ® 934 as a gelling agent in its outer aqueous phase. Release of drug through cellulose acetate membrane was studied by using Franz-type diffusion cells. Hydrogel formulation gave the highest release with a significant difference followed by W/O/W, O/W, W/O/W-C and W/O emulsions. Increase in amount of oil phase resulted in slower drug release strictly indicating importance of lipophility of vehicle on release of lipophilic drugs like MX. Incorporation of MX in hydrogel increased the released amount by up to 20 times when compared with the other formulations. Increase in viscosity of the formulations was also followed the same order. Release study was performed by using UV spectroscopy. Furthermore, the determination method of MX was validated through the following performance criteria: linearity, intra-day and inter-day precision, accuracy, specifity and recovery. This method was proved as precise and accurate determination of MX in multi-component pharmaceutical preparations besides colorimetric methods.

Optimization of piribedil mucoadhesive tablets for efficient therapy of Parkinson’s disease: physical characterization and ex vivo drug permeation through buccal mucosa

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was optimization of buccal piribedil (PR) mucoadhesive tablets to improve its low bioavailability and provide controlled release for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Methods: Buccal tablets were prepared by direct compression method using carbomer (CP), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as mucoadhesive polymers. Physical properties of powder mixtures and buccal tablets were evaluated. Physicochemical compatibility between ingredients was investigated with infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. In vitro dissolution profiles and drug release kinetics of buccal tablets were investigated. Mucoadhesion and ex vivo permeation studies were performed using sheep buccal mucosa. Results: Powder mixtures demonstrated sufficient flow properties and physical characteristics of all tablet formulations were within compendia limits. Tablet ingredients were absent of any chemical interactions. CP tablets displayed slower drug release compared to HPMC tablets with zero order release, while CMC tablets lost their integrity and released entire drug after 6 h following Higuchi model. All formulations displayed adequate mucoadhesion and steady state flux of PR through buccal mucosa were higher with HPMC compared to CP-containing tablets. Conclusion: Overall, HPMC was found to combine desired controlled release and mucoadhesion characteristics with sufficient pharmaceutical quality for optimization of buccal tablets. Piribedil mucoadhesive buccal tablets designed for the first time may introduce a new alternative for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

Analysis of volatile flavour components by dynamic headspace analysis/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in roasted pistachio extracts using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and sensory analysis

ABSTRACT In this study, optimum process parameters for supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) (SC-CO2) extraction of roasted pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) were investigated by depending on amount of the characteristic flavouring components (α-pinene, limonene-D, α-terpinolene and β-myrcene). The extracts were analysed by DHA/GC-MS for determination of the volatile compounds and the optimum process parameters were decided as 200 g, 350 Bar, 70°C, 75 g CO2/min and 60 min. In the pistachio extracts obtained having the optimum process parameters, α-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene-D and α-terpinolene were detected as 24.47 g/100 g, 0.52 g/100 g, 2.25 g/100 g and 5.70 g/100 g among 31 volatile compounds in total, respectively. The fatty acid composition of the extract, which had the most desirable taste and flavour, was detected by gas chromatography using fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) preparation. The fatty acid composition analysis showed that the pistachio extract had included mostly oleic acid (67.51%, w/w) and linoleic acid (17.85%, w/w).

Formulation and characterization of Piribedil buccal tablets

Statement of the Problem: The health insurance marketplace under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has run in-person assistance programs to help consumers’ plan decisions. Consumers apply for the coverage through the website (healthcare.gov) except for those who live in states running the state-based insurance marketplace. Consumers seek for in-person assistance because they lack confidence to apply on their own and need help understanding the plan choices. Recent attention has been given to developing the decision support tool in hopes to promote consumers’ direct engagement in plan decision¬-making. However, this approach should be taken with caution because of the characteristics of marketplace consumers. They are low¬ and middle¬ income population and are less likely to be literate enough to do the plan decision-¬making on their own. This study aims to describe the county-level assister availability and marketplace enrollment, focusing on the rural-urban differences.Methods: Over the past year, all pediatric patients with non-resolving pneumonia who received ciprofloxacin treatment in the pulmonary unit of Al-Rantisy specialized pediatric hospital in Gaza, Palestine, were included in this retrospective study. Ciprofloxacin was given for all patients in a dose of 20 mg/kg/day divided into two doses. Patient demographic data, clinical symptoms recorded, sputum culture findings and ciprofloxacin therapeutic outcome were gathered. Data was analyzed using computer software SPSS version 11.

Therapeutic Potential of Drug Delivery by Means of Lipid Nanoparticles: Reality or İllusion?

BACKGROUND Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are colloidal drug carrier systems that contribute several properties required from a sophisticated drug delivery system for increasing drug bioavailability and providing effective therapy. Many advantages of SLN have been reported over traditional dosage forms and their colloidal counterparts in the studies since the early 1990s. They were optimized for oral drug delivery for the first time. The first SLN formulations were produced by reducing the particle size of solid lipid microparticles by spray congealing technique in the late 1980s. Then, studies have been continued investigating for their different administration routes else including parenteral, transdermal, ocular, nasal, respiratory etc. METHODS Their foremost qualifications such as their biocompatible nature and high drug entrapment efficiency make them promising colloidal drug carrier systems for the effective treatment of serious disasters like genetic disorders and cancer. CONCLUSION In this review, therapeutic potential of drug delivery of SLN and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC, the second generation of SLN) are summarized considering researches and patents on their administration via different routes and their preparations in the pharmaceutical market.