Metin Tunay

Detecting Urban Vegetation from Different Images Using an Object-Based Approach in Bartin, Turkey

Urban vegetation plays an important role for sustainable development policies, environmental conservation and urban planning process of a city. It is necessary to detect the amount of green areas and their distribution to form the ecosystem model of the urban environment. It is quite important to use satellite imagery having different ground sampling distance (GSD) in the economic and accurate detection of urban green areas. Especially object-based image analysis has been frequently used today for object extraction processes. In object-oriented image analysis, not only pixel gray values but also spectral and contextual data that help to distinguish the segments consisting of interrelated pixels on the image are used. For this reason, more positive results are obtained in comparison with pixel-based approaches. In this study, city center of Bartin, in which there is a rich amount of green areas and its vicinity was chosen as the test area. As the satellite image data, LANDSAT 7 ETM+ (28.5 m GSD), SPOT 4 Level 2 A (20 m GSD) and IKONOS (1 m GSD) were used. Test area was divided into segments involving lots of different classes on each image. Urban vegetation class was formed by determining the suitable functions for the objects which will be involved in the urban vegetation class. eCognition v4.06 software was used for object-based classification analysis. Classification results were transformed into vector data and visual and digital analyses were made using GIS.

Ortadoğu Toz Kaynaklarının Tespiti ve Fırat-Dicle Nehir Havzası (Suriye-Irak) Tarım Alanları Üzerindeki Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Calisma, Ortadogu’daki toz kaynaklarinin tespit edilmesi ve bu kaynaklarin olusturdugu tehdidin Firat ve Dicle nehirleri etkisi altindaki Irak ve Suriye’deki tarim alanlarinda meydana getirecegi olasi zararlarin belirlenmesi amaciyla yurutulmustur. Birlesmis Milletler Gida ve Tarim Orgutu ( FAO) tarafindan Temmuz 2015 tarihinde Antalya/Turkiye’de uzaktan algilama ve Cografi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) tabanli yazilim olan Collect Earth metodolojisi kullanilarak, icinde Suriye ve Irak’inda yer aldigi Ortadogu bolgesinin 2000-2015 yillari arasindaki mevcut arazi ortu/kullanim siniflari, degisimleri, vejetasyon durumu incelenmis ve sonuclari FAO tarafindan yapilmistir. Acik kaynakli ve ucretsiz olan Collect Earth yaziliminda yuksek cozunurluklu uydu verisi iceren Google Earth ve Bing Maps goruntuleri kullanilmaktadir. Ayni zamanda orta cozunurluk ve global olan Modis, Landsat 7 ve 8 uydulari uzerinden uretilmis tum veri setlerini kullanmamiza da olanak saglamaktadir. SAIKU isimli istatistik programi yardimiyla veri analizi yapilabilmekte ve rakamsal verilere ulasilabilmektedir. Bu calismada, Collect Earth yontemi kullanilarak tum Ortadogu bolgesi icin olusturulan veri seti uzerinden CBS kullanilarak toz kaynaklari bolgeleri risk seviye siniflari haritasi olusturulmustur. Risk siniflari haritasina gore Irak’in toplam alaninin %63,6’si, Suriye’nin ise toplam alaninin %53,7’sinin ucuncu derece toz kaynak bolgelerinde yer aldigi tespit edilmistir. Bolge icin son derece onemli olan yuzeysel su varligi alanlarinin toz kaynaklari bolgeleri risk seviye siniflarina gore dagilimlari incelendiginde, Irak’in en fazla yuzeysel su varliginin %71,3 ile ucuncu derece toz kaynak bolgelerinde yer aldigi tespit edilmistir. Suriye’nin ise en fazla su varligi alanlarinin sirasiyla %27,4 ve %25,9 ile dorduncu ve besinci derece toz kaynak bolgelerinde yer aldigi tespit edilmistir. Ortadogu’ya iliskin ozellikle kum/kumul alanlari, tarim alanlari ve su varligina iliskin yapilan siniflandirma sonuclari yorumlanarak, ozellikle Firat ve Dicle nehirleri etkisi altindaki Irak ve Suriye olceginde degerlendirmeler yapilmistir.

FARKLI AĞAÇ TÜRLERİ ÜZERİNDE MOTORLU TESTERELERDEN OPERATÖRE İLETİLEN EL KOL TİTREŞİMLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Odun hammaddesi uretiminde agacin kesilip devrilmesi islemi, gelismis ulkelerde gelismis uretim araclari ile yapilmakta ve teknolojiden en iyi sekilde faydalanilmaktadir. Turkiye’de ise ormanlarin genel itibariyle daglik alanlarda bulunmasi uretimin gelismis mekanizasyon teknikleriyle yapilmasini zorlastirmaktadir. Bu kapsamda ulkemizde ormancilik uretim faaliyetleri sirasinda, cesitli tip ve buyuklukte farkli uretim araclari kullanilmaktadir. Bu uretim araclari icerisinde motorlu testereler yaygin kullanim ozelligine sahip olup motorlu testere operatorleri surekli olarak motorlu testereden kaynaklanan el-kol titresiminin zararli etkilerine maruz kalmaktadirlar. Farkli agac turleri (kayin, mese, goknar, cam) uzerinde motorlu testere operatorlerinin maruz kaldigi titresim buyukluklerinin ortaya cikarilmasi amaciyla yapilan bu calismada, her bir agac turunde uluslararasi standartlarda (ISO 2631-1) belirtilen sekiz saatlik calisma suresi icin gunluk maruziyet eylem/sinir degerleri ile iliskilendirilerek maksimum calisma sureleri hesaplanmis, operator nabiz degerleri degisimi karsilastirilmistir. Titresim sonumleyici eldiven kullanilarak titresim buyuklukleri tehlike sinirinin altina cekilmeye calisilmis, olcumler hem mevcut (kullanilan) hem de fabrika cikisli yeni motorlu testereler uzerinde yapilarak karsilastirma imkâni yapilmasi saglanmistir. Buna gore; saglik ve konfor sartlari birlikte degerlendirildiginde, her bir agac turu icin mevcut motorlu testere ile yapilan olcumlerin tehlike siniri uzerinde (>5 ms-2) oldugu, yeni motorlu testere ve titresim sonumleyici eldiven kullanimi ile degerlerin tehlike sinirinin altina (<5 ms-2) cekilebildigi gorulmustur. Ayrica; farkli agac turleri icerisinde en yuksek titresim degeri mese agaci uzerinde tespit edilmis ve calisanin el-kol titresimine maruziyetinden kaynaklanabilecek risklerin kontrol altina alinmasi icin gerekli onlemler sunulmustur.

Orman Mühendislerinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kullanımına İlişkin Görüşlerinin Değerlendirilmesi

In parallel with technological developments, the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) in forestry is becoming more important day by day. Therefore, the activities of the units under the General Directorate of Forestry and the position, attitude and behaviour of technical staff employed in rural units in the presence of these developments are fairly important. This study was designed to find out the views of technical staff regarding the use of GIS software technologies, efficient use of them and their development and widespread use in Regional Forest Directorates under the General Directorate of Forestry. Survey method was used in the study. Research was carried out on 210 forest engineers who work in Istanbul, Antalya, Izmir, Ankara, Izmir and Adana Regional Forest Directorates. The data obtained through surveys on the attitudes and views of forest engineers on GIS, whether it is used effectively in their units or not and personal information of the participants were calculated as percentage and frequency, presented in graphs and interpreted. In the study that the using of GIS software has come into prominence, study has been done to promote the use of sufficiently GIS and emphasized the importance of GIS education at the undergraduate level.

Sustainability in Urban Ecosystems and Detecting Urban Vegetation from Different Images Using an Object-Based Approach

Lexical meaning of ecology is “the study of the interrelations of organisms and their surroundings” (Odum and Barrett 2008). Every individual in the society must be aware of and know his surroundings, plants in his surroundings, other living beings and all the factors that affect the life in the nature in order to continue his life. Because of various opportunities provided by the success in technology for our lives, many of us are not aware of the fact that we depend on nature for air, water, and food, though indirectly. It is among the biggest misconceptions of developed societies of the present time that individuals perceive opportunities offered by technology as direct needs in addition to the basic needs provided by nature for us in daily life. Tangible value of services provided by nature for us both as a human being and as a society is very low. In this sense, we tend not to understand and comprehend the value of these services unless there is a problem (Odum and Odum 2000).

Analysis of vegetation changes in coastal zones of Bartın.

Coastal zones contain all of the activities such as tourism, industry, settlement and agriculture which are extremely important from the ecological respect. According to these activities, coastal areas have a dynamic structure in which interactions and changes of natural formations occur. This study was carried out in a buffer zone stretching up to 3 km inside the land which covers the coastal areas of the province of Bartın and Filyos and its vicinity in the Western Blacksea region. In the study for which Landsat satellite images data belonging to 1975-1987 and 2000 were used, data about altitude, slope and aspect groups of the coastal areas were obtained. Vegetation change analysis and visual analyses of the study area were realized. As a result of the study, it was determined that there was a rapid transformation to high-density vegetation in the areas where altitude didn’t change much between the years 19751987. However, between 1987-2000 transformation to low-density vegetation was observed. The study aimed at being a basis for the plans concerning the recreation and tourism potential of coastal areas in regional and provincial scale.