Mi-Cha Flubacher

Discourses of Integration: Language, Skills, and the Politics of Difference.

Abstract In this introduction, we outline the most relevant concepts for this special issue on integration and the politics of difference. This introduction characterizes “integration” as a dominant policy orientation and discursive regime concerned primarily with understandings of language, communication, and skill which constitute a (trans)national politics of difference. In various sites and national contexts of the global north, migrant “integration” policies render difference and mobility the site of both discursive elaboration and management. This introduction highlights the salience of critical ethnographic analyses for understanding “integration” beyond policy realms, arguing for attention to situated practices, emergent social categories and types, political-economic stakes, logics of linguistic (dis)engagement, and the reproduction of mono- and multilingual social orders. In particular, we propose to untangle this complex by describing three central processes that run through all of the contributions and which, we suggest, are indispensable for the analysis of current and emergent regimes of integration: processes of categorization, of selection, and of activation.

Language, integration, and investment: The regulation of diversity in the context of unemployment

Abstract Drawing on an ethnography in regional employment offices in a French-German canton in Switzerland, it is the aim of this article to articulate the complexities involved in the practices revolving around and geared towards the role of language competences in the process of professional reintegration, particularly so with regards to migrants who speak a different language. When comparing two cases of unemployed migrant job seekers and the variable treatment by their respective consultants, we will discuss the logics, ideologies, and discourses underlying the institutional regulation of the diverse body of unemployed migrants. We argue that in particular two discourses emerged in our fieldwork that seem to frame the variable approaches: the discourse of integration and the discourse of investment. It is in the interplay, tension, and confluence of the two discourses where “language” appears as a specific point of contestation. In other words: the consideration of language competences as productive for someone’s employability finally appears as highly variable and contingent on individual factors.

The Uneven Recognition of Language Investment for Employability

This chapter presents two case studies that attest to an uneven recognition of language competences on the labour market. They are telling cases for the valorisation and devalorisation of existing linguistic capital depending on factors independent of the job seekers’ efforts. As such, these particular cases challenge the widespread opinion of rewarding language investment and competences and their conversion potential on the labour market. In both cases, the job seekers have invested a lot of time and money in their multilingual competences. The two cases thus show that language investment can gain or lose value for employability depending on circumstances, life situations, or life span.

The Logic of Return on Language Investment in the Allocation of Resources for Employability

This chapter presents three case studies of job seekers—all with migratory background, but with different qualifications and professional experiences—as telling cases for the logic of return on language investment for the allocation of resources for employability. While the qualified job seeker is granted courses in the local language to improve his employability, no investment is realised in the language competences of the two other job seekers that have no officially recognized qualifications for the Swiss labour market. The analysis of their consultations in the employment office thus manifests a differential treatment of job seekers depending on their ‘value’, related to the expectations of consultants concerning the return on investment in a specific labour market measure.

The Politics of Investment and Employability in the Public Employment Service

This chapter introduces the historical and legal development of public employment service and its institutions in Switzerland, most importantly the Regional Employment Offices (REO), the official institution in charge of job seekers. In this context, it discusses labour market measures (LMM), which are the main instrument of the REO’s activation policy to improve the employability of job seekers. It focuses on the internal guidelines of the Canton of Fribourg for the allocation of LMM, namely language courses, which are based on the logic of return on investment. This chapter allows for a better understanding of the various logics of how and why investment and employability operate within bureaucratic institutions.

Language Investment and Employability: An Introduction

The introduction outlines the theoretical and empirical background of a critical sociolinguistic ethnography on the role of language competences in the process of the public employment service. The two key concepts ‘language investment’ and ‘employability’ are discussed and their implied correlation is challenged by pointing to the complex social, political, and economic processes through which languages become valued, recognised, or ignored when looking for a job. The introduction further entails the description of the methodological and analytical framework of this ethnographic research project on the site of the Regional Employment Offices in the Swiss Canton of Fribourg. Finally, it presents the publication’s aim to unpack the discursive construction of language competences as an element of employability and relating it to the uneven distribution of resources.

Concluding Considerations About Language Investment and Employability from a Political Economic Perspective

The concluding chapter offers a short summary of the individual case studies and the conclusions drawn from them. Against the backdrop of these ethnographic insights, the authors argue for the adoption of a political economic perspective in discussing the following three points: First, the functional vagueness of ‘language’ as a factor for employability; second, the value language investments allocates to certain job seekers, and, connected to this point, third, the effects of the decapitalisation of the resources of yet other job seekers. Language investment and employability thus cannot be thought independently of the political economy surrounding its discursive interlinkages and social practices. The differential treatment is not only institutional, but reinforces societal structures, positioning non-qualified migrants at the substratum and marginalising them further.

On ‘Promoting and Demanding’ Integration: A Discursive Case Study of Immigrant Language Policy in Basel

As in other Western European countries, Switzerland has tightened its integration policies by introducing language policies addressing a specific segment of the immigrant population. Based on the hegemonic discourse that language is the key to integration, these new policies are embedded in both national and cantonal integration legislation. It is the aim of this chapter to critically analyse this discourse and its materialization in the laws in a case study of Basel, a city in German-speaking Switzerland known for its integration policy innovation in order to understand its broader sociopolitical function. On the basis of a critical discursive analysis of (1) documents and recordings pertaining to the law drafting processes and of (2) interviews with experts, it becomes evident that the discursive field of national and cantonal integration and language policies is organized along the argumentative positions of ‘promoting’ versus ‘demanding’ integration. A discursive analysis of the two positions, drawing on the concept of interpretative repertoires, shows their codependency not only in structuring the discursive field, but also in legitimizing the tightening of the policies.