Michael Ambroselli

Can one distinguish between Doppler shifts due to source-only and detector-only velocities?

This paper revisits the optical Doppler shift as the classical Doppler shift based upon spectroscopic line broadening of spontaneous emission (moving source) and quantum mechanical conditions for stimulated absorption and emissions (moving detector). We find that excited emitting source-atoms and stimulated detecting-atoms clearly discern their individual absolute velocities with respect to the cosmic vacuum (Complex Tension Field, or CTF). In other words, the optical Doppler shift does not depend solely upon the relative velocity between a pair of source and detector; as the prevailing assumption is. The implication is that Doppler shifts of light coming from distant galaxies are determined by the local velocities of the emitting and detecting atoms with respect to the CTF; and the emissions frequencies remain completely independent of the velocities of the various detectors in various other galaxies; because they obey quantum mechanical transition rule Δν mn = hν mn . The released energy mn hν evolves into a wave packet of frequency mn ν only when the velocity of the source atom is zero w.r.t. CTF. Atom velocity in CTF introduces a real physical frequency shift from mn ν into med . ν . Then a detector would perceive this med . ν as det . ν due to its own velocity w.r.t CTF. The key assertion of this paper is that, the classical Doppler shift for material based waves and the optical Doppler shift for CTF based EM waves, follow the same and two different physical processes during emission and absorption and hence the representative mathematical formulation should be same as classical Doppler shift formula. Light emitted by an atom in a star in a galaxy at a distance of 10 billion years from the Sun, could not have coordinated its Doppler shift “knowing” its relative velocity with an earth based detector’s; because the earth did not exist! The Sun was born barely 4 billion years ago. Calculation of optical Doppler shift based upon current relative velocity between the two galaxies is a noncausal model and hence can lead to erroneous physical conclusions like Expanding Universe, which may not be true. It is more likely that the distance dependent Hubble redshift is due to a distant dependent frequency (energy) loss of photon wave packets engendered by very weak dissipative property of the CTF, like the postulate of Tired Light, or something else. We support our model by analyzing the origin of multi-longitudinal modes in He-Ne lasers. Light emitting and absorbing atoms in distant galaxies follow the same set of QM rules as those in our laboratory. We can safely assume that the physical properties of the free space between distant galaxies and that between the atoms trapped in a low pressure He-Ne laser tube are one and the same. Then we analyze the spontaneous and stimulated emission characteristics of Ne-atoms in a population inverted laser tube. The spectral line broadening measured in emission and absorption spectrometry is due to Doppler broadening introduced due to the statistical Maxwellian velocity distribution of the atoms; which is determined by the mean temperature of the surrounding of the atoms. Again, our assumption is that this Maxwellian Doppler broadening process is the same in the earth-based discharge tube and in the corona of distant stars. Both classical physics (Doppler and Maxwell) and quantum physics (emission and absorption) are same here as in the distant galaxies. And these two branches of physics are complementary, not discordant with each other.

Nature of EM waves as observed and reported by detectors for radio, visible, and gamma frequencies

Characteristic transformations measured by detectors indicate what conclusions we can draw about the signal we study. This paper will review the models behind the interaction processes experienced by detectors sensing radio, visible and gamma-ray signals and analyze why the conclusions about the nature of EM-waves should necessarily appear to be different and contradictory. The physical interaction processes between the EM-waves and the material in the different detectors - the LCR circuit, photo and gamma detectors - differ considerably. So drawing a definitive conclusion regarding the nature of EM-waves is fraught with pitfalls. We discuss how to bring conceptual continuity among these different interpretations of the interaction processes by imposing some logical congruence upon them.

Visualizing superposition process and appreciating the principle of non-interaction of waves

We demonstrate the dynamic evolution of superposition effects to underscore the importance of visualizing interaction processes. The model recognizes the principle of Non-Interaction of Waves. Recordable linear fringes, bisecting the Poynting vectors of the two crossing beams, have time evolving amplitude patterns in the bright fringes because the two superposed E-vectors oscillate through zero values while staying locked in phase. If a detector registers steady, stable bright fringes, it must do so by time integration. The QM recipe to model energy exchange by taking the square modulus of the sum of the complex amplitudes has this time integration built into it. Thus, we will also underscore the importance of assigning proper physical processes to the mathematical relationships: the algebraic symbols should represent physical parameters of the interactants and the mathematical operators connecting the symbols should represent allowed physical interaction processes and the guiding force.

Could space be considered as the inertial rest frame

We take the postulate of Special Relativity, that the cosmic rules observable through physical phenomena, are the same for all stars in all galaxies. We have deliberately avoided using the phrase; “in all inertial frames of reference” to avoid conceptual mathematical debate in defining what such frames of references are [1-4]. Then, accepting the universal validity of light velocity defined by Maxwell’s wave equation, c2 = 1 / (ε 0μ 0) ; we revive the old ether concept with physically descriptive phrase that space is a continuous Complex Tension Field (CTF). This is strengthened by the fact that all non-dissipative tension fields allow for perpetual propagation of waves when excited within its linear restoration capability. We accommodate the particles as localized self-phase-looped resonant oscillations of the same CTF; thus integrating particles as another kind of excited states of the same CTF [5]. Further, all tension fields allow co-propagation and cross-propagation of multiple waves (preservation of wave properties and the respective Poynting vectors) through the same physical volume (linear Superposition Principle) in the absence of perturbing resonant detectors within the volume of superposition. We have re-named this universal property of all waves as Non-Interaction of Waves [6,7]. Thus, Doppler shifted waves from different stars and galaxies can cross through each other unperturbed while bringing to us the signatures of the properties of their parent stars. Now, if these light signals are waving of CTF, the optical Doppler effects must also be, as for sound waves in air pressure tension field, discernable into two different frequency shifts: as due to (i) source velocity (distant stars) and (ii) detector velocity (that of the earth) [8,9]. In other words, we are proposing that CTF (modified old ether) is the stationary cosmic rest frame. Since we have been routinely assuming that quantum phenomena are same in all stars; we strengthen our position by analyzing the origin of absorption lines in distant stars as the same energy level transition phenomenon as we observe on earth and well-modeled by precision spectrometry and validated by QM formalism. The analysis also reveals that Cosmological (Hubble) Redshift cannot be due to optical Doppler Effect; since the Doppler Effect is determined by the velocities of the source-atoms within the star coronas. We have also proposed a satellite based one-way light propagation measurement; which could identify the absolute velocity of the satellite and validate that CTF is the stationary rest frame for our observable universe.

Modeling superposition of 3- and N-polarized beams on an isotropic photo detector

In a previous paper [SPIE Proc.Vol.7063, paper #4 (2008)], we have attempted to model possible modes of excitations that detecting dipoles carry out during the interaction process with EM waves before absorbing a quantum cupful of energy out of the two simultaneously stimulating EM waves along with experimental validations. Those experiments and analyses basically corroborate the law of Malus. For these two-beam cases, the cosθ-factor, (θ being the angle between the two polarization vectors), is too symmetric and too simple a case to assure that we are modeling the energy absorption process definitively. Accordingly, this paper brings in asymmetry in the interaction process by considering 3-beam and N-beam cases to find out whether there are more subtleties behind the energy absorption processes when more than two beams are simultaneous stimulating a detector for the transfer of EM energy from these multiple beams. We have suggested a possible experimental set up for a three-polarized beam experiment that we plan to carry out in the near future. We also present analyses for 3-beam and simplified Nbeam cases and computed curves for some 3-beam cases. The results strengthen what we concluded in our two beam experimental paper. We also recognize that the mode of mathematical analyses, based upon traditional approach, may not be sufficient to extract any more details of the invisible light-dipole interaction processes going on in nature.