Michael E. Holmes

Attention to repeated images on the World-Wide Web: Another look at scanpath theory

The scanpath theory of visual perception was tested using Web pages as visual stimuli.Scanpaths are repetitive sequences of fixations and saccades that occur upon reexposure to a visual stimulus. Since Internet users are exposed to repeated visual displays, the Web provides ideal stimuli to test this theory. Eye movement data were recorded for subjects’repeated viewings of three Web pages over three sessions. Resemblance of eye path sequences was measured with a string-edit method; multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis were used to group sequences. Support was found for the scanpath theory; some clusters included pairs of sequences from the same subject. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealeda statistically significant main effect for stimulus type, with a text-intensive news story page generating more similar sequences than a graphic-intensive advertising page. There was a statistically significant main effect for cross-viewing comparisons, reflecting a linear trend in which eye paths for the same subject became more alike over time.

Age differences in visual search for information on web pages

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Eye Monitoring Studies on TV News and the Web Converge: A Tale of Two Screens

The merger of the “lay-back culture of the living room with the bustling activity of the lean-forward Net” [367] is underway. American television is starting to look a lot like the Web and the Web is looking more and more like television. This visual convergence will likely accelerate with the impending penetration of interactive TV (iTV) into the U.S. market and the growth of “Web 2.0” sites.

Selecting the Suspect: An Eye-Tracking Comparison of Viewing of Same-Race vs. Cross-Race Photographs in Eyewitness Identification

An eye-tracking study was conducted to examine cross-race recognition deficit (CRRD) or own-race bias in cross-racial eyewitness identification. The eye-tracking data revealed differences between Anglo eyewitness viewing and African American eyewitness viewing of the same-race photo lineups. Variations in scan path complexity and sequential patterns suggest a “mixed strategy” for scanning the photographic lineups was more common than an “absolute” or “relative” strategy.

Revisiting Image of the City in Cyberspace: Analysis of Spatial Twitter Messages During a Special Event

ABSTRACT This research investigated people’s communication of urban space as reflected in Twitter messages (tweets) during the 2012 Super Bowl. The authors archived over 600,000 tweets related to the Super Bowl from January 23 through early February 6. The authors identified 78 Indianapolis-area places or routes named in the tweets. Based on occurrence of these terms, the authors retained 9,103 city-specific messages for analysis. The frequency of such tweets changed over the two-week period and peaked two days before game day. Instances of all of Lynch’s (1960) The Image of the City elements (node, district, landmark, path, and edge) were found in the tweets. While node-referencing terms were most common among the 78 spatial identifiers, district and landmark references were most common in the tweet sample. Edge references were almost non-existent and only occurred as named waterways. This research has implications for city-oriented social media monitoring efforts for future special events.