Michael Escudier

Modern management of salivary calculi.

The aim was to investigate the results of a minimally invasive approach to the management of salivary calculi.

Outcome of Minimally Invasive Management of Salivary Calculi in 4,691 Patients

To evaluate the application of minimally invasive techniques in the management of salivary stones.

Symptomatic sialoadenitis and sialolithiasis in the English population, an estimate of the cost of hospital treatment.

Objective To establish the annual incidence, and cost of treating, symptomatic salivary stones and sialoadenitis.Materials and methods Data relating to sialolithiasis and sialoadenitis were obtained from the Department of Health with respect to the 15 health regions in England during the period 1991–1995. These were analysed to obtain the mean incidence per annum. The proportions of each condition treated on an in-patient and out-patient basis were also calculated. A survey of hospital fees was undertaken to determine the national cost for treating these two conditions.Results In the period the mean incidence of hospital admission for symptomatic sialoadenitis and sialolithiasis in the 15 health regions in England was 27.5 (19–46) and 31.5 (26–37) per million population per annum respectively. During this time there was a slight shift toward day case treatment.Conclusions Based on hospital admission data for the period 1991–1995 the mean incidence of symptomatic sialolithiasis is relatively low, being at least 27 per million population per annum and possibly as much as 59 per million population per annum. This represents a cost to the National Health Service of up to £4,000,000 per annum.

Improvement in orofacial granulomatosis on a cinnamon- and benzoate-free diet.

Background: Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a chronic inflammatory disorder presenting characteristically with lip swelling but also affecting gingivae, buccal mucosa, floor of mouth, and a number of other sites in the oral cavity. Although the cause remains unknown, there is evidence for involvement of a dietary allergen. Patch testing has related responses to cinnamon and benzoate to the symptoms of OFG, with improvement obtained through exclusion diets. However, an objective assessment of the effect of a cinnamon‐ and benzoate‐free diet (CB‐free diet) as primary treatment for OFG has not previously been performed. Thus, this study was undertaken to investigate the benefits of a CB‐free diet as first‐line treatment of patients with OFG. Materials and Methods: Thirty‐two patients with a confirmed diagnosis of OFG were identified from a combined oral medicine/gastroenterology clinic. All had received a CB‐free diet as primary treatment for a period of 8 weeks. Each patient underwent a standardized assessment of the oral cavity to characterize the number of sites affected and the type of inflammation involved before and after diet. Results: There was a significant improvement in oral inflammation in patients on the diet after 8 weeks. Both global oral and lip inflammatory scores improved (P < 0.001), and there was significant improvement in both lip and oral site and activity involvement. However, improvement in lip activity was less marked than oral activity. Response to a CB‐free diet did not appear to be site specific. A history of OFG‐associated gut involvement did not predict a response to the diet. Conclusions: The impact of dietary manipulation in patients with OFG can be significant, particularly with regard to oral inflammation. With the disease most prevalent in the younger population, a CB‐free diet can be recommended as primary treatment. Subsequent topical or systemic immunomodulatory therapy may then be avoided or used as second line.

Oro-facial granulomatosis: Crohn's disease or a new inflammatory bowel disease?

Background: Oro‐facial granulomatosis (OFG) is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder presenting characteristically with lip swelling but also affecting gingivae, buccal mucosa, floor of mouth, and a number of other sites in the oral cavity. Histologically, OFG resembles Crohns disease (CD), and a number of patients with CD have oral involvement identical to OFG. However, the exact relationship between OFG and CD remains unknown. Methods: Thirty‐five patients with OFG and no gut symptoms were identified from a combined oral medicine/gastroenterology clinic. All underwent a standardized assessment of the oral cavity and oral mucosal biopsy to characterize the number of sites affected and the type of inflammation involved. Hematological and biochemical parameters were also recorded. All 35 patients underwent ileocolonoscopy and biopsy to assess the presence of coexistent intestinal inflammation. Results: Ileal or colonic abnormalities were detected in 19/35 (54%) cases. From gut biopsies, granulomas were present in 13/19 cases (64%). An intestinal abnormality was significantly more likely if the age of OFG onset was less than 30 years (P = 0.01). Those with more severe oral inflammation were also more likely to have intestinal inflammation (P = 0.025), and there was also a correlation between the histologic severity of oral inflammation and the histologic severity of gut inflammation (P = 0.047). No relationship was found between any blood parameter and intestinal involvement. Conclusions: Endoscopic and histologic intestinal abnormalities are common in patients with OFG with no gastrointestinal symptoms. Younger patients with OFG are more likely to have concomitant intestinal involvement. In these patients, granulomas are more frequent in endoscopic biopsies than reported in patients with documented CD. OFG with associated intestinal inflammation may represent a separate entity in which granulomatous inflammation occurs throughout the gastrointestinal tract in response to an unknown antigen or antigens.

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in the management of salivary calculi

The aim was to investigate the results of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in the management of salivary calculi using a dedicated sialolithotriptor.

A scoring system for mucosal disease severity with special reference to oral lichen planus

Background  To date, there is only weak evidence for the superiority of any interventions over placebo for the palliation of symptomatic oral lichen planus (LP). Further research involving large placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trials is needed. These will require carefully selected and standardized outcome measures.

Distinguishing orofacial granulomatosis from crohn's disease: Two separate disease entities?

Background: Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a rare chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology sharing histological features with Crohns disease (CD). This study aimed to 1) define the clinical presentation of OFG, 2) establish differentiating features for those with CD, 3) examine if onset of OFG is predictive of CD, and 4) establish differentiating features for children. Methods: Data were extracted from medical notes (n = 207) for demographics, clinical features, blood parameters, diagnosis of CD, and treatments for patients with OFG. Results: Ninety‐seven patients (47%) were female. The lips (184/203; 91%) and buccal mucosa (151/203; 74%) were mainly affected. Forty‐six (22%) had intestinal CD. Ulcers (24/46; 46% versus 29/159; 15%, P = <0.001) were more common in patients with CD as was a raised C‐reactive protein (24/33; 73% versus 60/122; 49%, P = 0.016) and abnormal full blood count (19/41; 46% versus 35/150; 23%). The buccal‐sulcus (12/44; 27% versus 20/158; 13%, P = 0.019) was more often affected in those with CD. Half the patients with CD were diagnosed prior to onset of OFG. The remainder were diagnosed after. The incidence of CD is similar for children (16/69; 23%) and adults (29/132; 22%), although oral onset in childhood is more likely to occur prior to diagnosis of CD. Conclusions: OFG mainly presents in young adults with lip and buccal involvement. Abnormalities in inflammatory markers, hematology and oral features of ulceration, and buccal‐sulcal involvement are factors more commonly associated with CD. Initial presentation of OFG does not necessarily predict development of CD, although this is more likely in childhood. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)

Review article: cinnamon- and benzoate-free diet as a primary treatment for orofacial granulomatosis.

Background  Orofacial granulomatosis is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease of the lips, face and mouth. The aetiology remains unclear but may involve an allergic component. Improvements have been reported with cinnamon‐ and benzoate‐free diets.

Serum and salivary IgA antibody responses to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans in orofacial granulomatosis and Crohn's disease

Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a condition of unknown aetiology with histological and, in some cases, clinical association with Crohns disease (CD). However, the exact relationship between OFG and CD remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine whether OFG could be distinguished immunologically from CD by comparing non‐specific and specific aspects of humoral immunity in serum, whole saliva and parotid saliva in three groups of patients: (a) OFG only (n = 14), (b) those with both oral and gut CD (OFG + CD) (n = 12) and (c) CD without oral involvement (n = 22) and in healthy controls (n = 29). Non‐specific immunoglobulin (IgA, SigA, IgA subclasses and IgG) levels and antibodies to whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans were assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum, whole saliva and parotid saliva. Serum IgA and IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses were raised in all patient groups (P < 0·01). Salivary IgA (and IgG) levels were raised in OFG and OFG + CD (P < 0·01) but not in the CD group. Parotid IgA was also raised in OFG and OFG + CD but not in CD. The findings suggest that serum IgA changes reflect mucosal inflammation anywhere in the GI tract but that salivary IgA changes reflect involvement of the oral cavity. Furthermore, the elevated levels of IgA in parotid saliva suggest involvement of the salivary glands in OFG. Serum IgA antibodies to S. cerevisiae were raised markedly in the two groups with gut disease while serum IgA (or IgG) antibodies to C. albicans were elevated significantly in all three patient groups (P < 0·02). No differences were found with antibodies to S. mutans. Whole saliva IgA antibodies to S. cerevisiae (and C. albicans) were raised in the groups with oral involvement. These findings suggest that raised serum IgA antibodies to S. cerevisiae may reflect gut inflammation while raised SIgA antibodies to S. cerevisiae or raised IgA or IgA2 levels in saliva reflect oral but not gut disease. Analysis of salivary IgA and IgA antibodies to S. cerevisiae as well as serum antibodies in patients presenting with OFG may allow prediction of gut involvement.