Michael H. Taylor

A systems approach to restoring degraded drylands

Summary 1. Drylands support over 2 billion people and are major providers of critical ecosystem goods and services across the globe. Drylands, however, are one of the most susceptible biomes to degradation. International programmes widely recognize dryland restoration as key to combating global dryland degradation and ensuring future global sustainability. While the need to restore drylands is widely recognized and large amounts of resources are allocated to these activities, rates of restoration success remain overwhelmingly low. 2. Advances in understanding the ecology of dryland systems have not yielded proportional advances in our ability to restore these systems. To accelerate progress in dryland restoration, we argue for moving the field of restoration ecology beyond conceptual frameworks of ecosystem dynamics and towards quantitative, predictive systems models that capture the probabilistic nature of ecosystem response to management. 3. To do this, we first provide an overview of conceptual dryland restoration frameworks. We then describe how quantitative systems framework can advance and improve conceptual restoration frameworks, resulting in a greater ability to forecast restoration outcomes and evaluate economic efficiency and decision-making. Lastly, using a case study from the western United States, we show how a systems approach can be integrated with and used to advance current conceptual frameworks of dryland restoration. 4. Synthesis and applications. Systems models for restoration do not replace conceptual models but complement and extend these modelling approaches by enhancing our ability to solve restoration problems and forecast outcomes under changing conditions. Such forecasting of future outcomes is necessary to monetize restoration benefits and cost and to maximize economic benefit of limited restoration dollars.

The economics of fuel management: Wildfire, invasive plants, and the dynamics of sagebrush rangelands in the western United States

In this article we develop a simulation model to evaluate the economic efficiency of fuel treatments and apply it to two sagebrush ecosystems in the Great Basin of the western United States: the Wyoming Sagebrush Steppe and Mountain Big Sagebrush ecosystems. These ecosystems face the two most prominent concerns in sagebrush ecosystems relative to wildfire: annual grass invasion and native conifer expansion. Our model simulates long-run wildfire suppression costs with and without fuel treatments explicitly incorporating ecological dynamics, stochastic wildfire, uncertain fuel treatment success, and ecological thresholds. Our results indicate that, on the basis of wildfire suppression costs savings, fuel treatment is economically efficient only when the two ecosystems are in relatively good ecological health. We also investigate how shorter wildfire-return intervals, improved treatment success rates, and uncertainty about the location of thresholds between ecological states influence the economic efficiency of fuel treatments.

Cheatgrass invasion and woody species encroachment in the Great Basin: Benefits of conservation

The Great Basin is the largest North American desert, covering more than 49.6 million ha (122.5 million ac), and includes most of Nevada, a large part of Utah, and smaller sections of Oregon, Idaho, and California. Two of the biggest threats to ecosystem stability and integrity in the Great Basin are invasive annual grasses, particularly cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), and expansion of native woody plants, particularly juniper (Juniperus spp.) species and pinyon pines (Pinus monophylla Torr. and Frém. and Pinus edulis Engelm.). An estimated 72% (36 million ha [88 million ac]) of the Great Basin is currently impacted by cheatgrass (Pellant et al. 2004). Pinyon and juniper woodlands currently occupy approximately 22.5 million ha (55.6 million ac) throughout the western United States (Miller et al. 2011). In the Great Basin alone, the occupied area is nearly 7.1 million ha (17.5 million ac), the result of a 125% to 625% increase in tree distribution, much of which occurred in areas where these species were not inherent components of the plant community (Miller et al. 2008). The alteration of native plant communities by these invasive species can increase the likelihood of damaging and dangerous wildfires that change the hydrologic system and degrade…

Optimal Livestock Management on Sagebrush Rangeland with Ecological Thresholds, Wildfire, and Invasive Plants

This article considers optimal livestock management on sagebrush rangeland in the presence of invasive plants, wildfire, and reversible and irreversible ecological thresholds. We find that ranchers operating on healthy rangeland have sufficient private incentive to maintain rangeland health, while ranchers operating on degraded rangeland will pursue rehabilitation only if treatment success rates are improved or treatment costs reduced relative to current levels. We also find that if ranchers do not understand the relationships among grazing pressure, vegetation treatments, and rangeland ecological dynamics, their management will result in higher short-run profits, but lower long-run profits, and greater ecological degradation. (JEL Q24, Q57)

Regulatory Policy Design for Agroecosystem Management on Public Rangelands

This paper analyzes regulatory design for agroecosystem management on public rangelands. We present an informational and institutional environment where three of the most prominent regulatory instruments on public rangelands – input regulation, cost-sharing/taxation, and performance regulation – can be defined and compared. The paper examines how the optimal regulation is shaped by the informational and institutional constraints faced by federal land management agencies (FLMAs) such as the Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Forest Service. These constraints include informational asymmetries between ranchers and FLMAs, limitations on FLMAs’ ability to monitor ranch-level ecological conditions, and constraints on FLMAs’ actions due to budget limitations and restrictions on the level of penalties they can assess. The theoretical model extends the previous work of Baker (1992), Prendergast (2002), and Hueth and Melkonyan (2009) by considering optimal regulation by a budget-constrained regulator in an environment of asymmetric information and moral hazard.

Economic Modeling and the Management of Exotic Annual Bromus Species: Accounting for Ecosystem Dynamics, Ecological Thresholds, and Spatial Interdependencies

This chapter describes how economic models can inform management of exotic annual Bromus species on rangelands in the Western United States. It surveys published studies that develop bio-economic models of the management of Bromus species and other exotic annual invasive grasses, focusing on the challenges of representing the complex dynamics of rangeland ecosystems within tractable models of economic decision-making. The discussion starts with elements that are common to most economic models of Bromus management, then turns to contributions from the literature that have developed bio-economic models that capture three salient features of Bromus invasion: the dynamics of Bromus invasion, ecological thresholds related to Bromus, and spatial interdependencies in biophysical and human systems. The chapter synthesizes insights gained from this literature for managing Bromus in the Western United States, including insights on where to direct Bromus management resources on the landscape to achieve the greatest benefit given limited funds for management and on how to improve the design of policies that encourage socially efficient Bromus management by private land managers. The chapter concludes by identifying key areas where further research into the economics of Bromus management is needed.