Michael J. Glade

Novel phytonutrient contributors to antioxidant protection against cardiovascular disease

The associations linking endothelial inflammation, endothelial oxidative stress, and atherogenesis and the potential for dietary phytonutrients to decrease the impact of these associations were assessed. A detailed literature review was conducted and summarized. A large body of scientific evidence describes the interactions among endothelial inflammation, endothelial oxidative stress, and atherogenesis. A growing body of research indicates that several dietary phytonutrients (astaxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and glabridin) can decrease the risk for atherosclerosis by decreasing endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress. The consumption of foods or dietary supplements that provide astaxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and glabridin can ameliorate endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress, retard atherogenesis, and decrease the risk for atherogenic cardiovascular disease.

Oxidative stress and cognitive longevity

OBJECTIVE The potential relation between metabolic activity within the central nervous system and retention of cognitive functioning capacity was assessed. METHODS A detailed literature review was conducted and summarized. RESULTS A large body of scientific evidence describes the interactions among cognitive activity, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, neuroprotection, cognitive aging, and retention of cognitive functioning ability. CONCLUSION Maintenance of redox balance within the central nervous system can forestall cognitive decline and promote cognitive longevity.

A 21st century evaluation of the safety of oral vitamin D

The safety of daily consumption of vitamin D was examined. A detailed literature search was conducted using the search term vitamin D; primary and secondary sources of original data and meta-analyses and systematic reviews were evaluated and summarized. A large body of scientific evidence demonstrates that long-term daily intakes of 600 to 800 IU of vitamin D are insufficient to achieve and sustain vitamin D adequacy (serum 25-hydroxyergocalciferol + 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration >75 nmol/L). Maximization of the physiologic benefits of vitamin D to the musculoskeletal system, the central and peripheral nervous systems, the heart and central and peripheral cardiovascular systems, the respiratory system, the skin, the eyes, dentition, glucoregulation, immunoregulation, and disease resistance requires daily vitamin D intakes of at least 1500 IU. Because long-term daily intakes up to and including 10 000 IU of vitamin D do not produce signs or symptoms of vitamin D toxicity and are safe for the entire general population of otherwise healthy adults, even daily vitamin D intakes of 2000 IU allow for the often-cited and excessively conservative five-fold safety factor. In conclusion, long-term daily intakes of up to and including 10 000 IU of vitamin D maximize physiologic benefits and are safe.

Metabolically healthy obese individuals: Key protective factors

OBJECTIVES Obesity is a significant quality of life-impairing health problem affecting industrialized nations. However, despite carrying a large fat mass, some very obese individuals exhibit normal metabolic profiles (metabolically healthy obesity). The physiological factors underlying their protective and favorable metabolic profiles remain poorly defined. METHODS A search of the National Library of Medicine PubMed database was performed using the following keywords: Metabolically healthy obese, metabolically normal obese, insulin resistance, metabolically unhealthy normal weight, and uncomplicated obesity. RESULTS This article reviewed factors associated with severe obesity that lacks complications, and suggests putative activities by which these obese individuals avoid developing the clinical features of metabolic syndrome, or the metabolic complications associated with severe obesity. CONCLUSIONS Despite the knowledge that visceral fat deposition is the seminal factor that ultimately causes insulin resistance (IR) and the detrimental inflammatory and hormonal profile that contributes to increase risk for cardiovascular disease, it remains unknown whether metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) has genetic predisposing factors, and whether MHO ultimately succumbs to IR and the metabolic syndrome, indicating a need for prophylatic bariatric surgery.

Phosphatidylserine and the human brain

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the roles and importance of phosphatidylserine (PS), an endogenous phospholipid and dietary nutrient, in human brain biochemistry, physiology, and function. METHODS A scientific literature search was conducted on MEDLINE for relevant articles regarding PS and the human brain published before June 2014. Additional publications were identified from references provided in original papers; 127 articles were selected for inclusion in this review. RESULTS A large body of scientific evidence describes the interactions among PS, cognitive activity, cognitive aging, and retention of cognitive functioning ability. CONCLUSION Phosphatidylserine is required for healthy nerve cell membranes and myelin. Aging of the human brain is associated with biochemical alterations and structural deterioration that impair neurotransmission. Exogenous PS (300-800 mg/d) is absorbed efficiently in humans, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and safely slows, halts, or reverses biochemical alterations and structural deterioration in nerve cells. It supports human cognitive functions, including the formation of short-term memory, the consolidation of long-term memory, the ability to create new memories, the ability to retrieve memories, the ability to learn and recall information, the ability to focus attention and concentrate, the ability to reason and solve problems, language skills, and the ability to communicate. It also supports locomotor functions, especially rapid reactions and reflexes.

The American Association of Oriental Medicine’s Complete Guide to Chinese Herbal Medicine

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Diet and cancer: Molecular mechanisms of interactions

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A Glance At … ethanol consumption, GSH suppression, and oxidative liver damage

• The consumption of alcoholic beverages injures the liver through concurrent tissue oxidation and suppression of reduced glutathione synthesis, activity, and recycling.

A glance at… glycemic index

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.013 0899-9007/ 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Effectivemanagement of type 2 diabetes includesmoderation of carbohydrate intake [1]. One tool that can be used to estimate the effect of a food or meal on glucoregulation is the glycemic index. The glycemic index of a food item represents a quantitative assessment of a chemical characteristic of the food item (its digestible carbohydrate [CHO] content) obtained through measurement of the cumulative effects of the consumption of the food item on the plasma glucose concentration [2,3]. Postconsumption changes in plasma glucose concentration reflect the net results of several physiological processes, including CHO hydrolysis and absorption in the small intestine, pancreatic insulin secretion in response to postabsorptive increase in plasma glucose concentration, and tissue glucose uptake in response to insulin [4,5]. These physiological processes are affected by the inherent chemical characteristics of the food item as well as by interindividual variability in alimentary canal, gastrointestinal and pancreatic efficiencies [4,6,7]. The outcome of such an analysis, the glycemic index, is determined from the measured postprandial excursions in plasma glucose concentrations that follow the consumption of a standardized amount (usually 100 g) of the food item of interest compared with the excursions after the consumption of 100 g of glucose (in both cases, measured during the first 120 min postconsumption) [8]:

Workshop on cost-effectiveness in health and medicine

The U.S. Public Health Service appointed a multidisciplinary Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine (PCEHM) in 1993 and asked the panel to create recommendations for the conduct of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to improve the quality, comparability, and utility of CEA in informing resource allocation decision-making within the health care system. The panel also was asked to identify those methodological issues that remain unresolved. This workshop was cosponsored by agencies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and was intended to provide a forum for discussion of the interest of U.S. agencies in CEA, disseminate and discuss the panel’s recommendations, and examine via examples the implications of these recommendations for CEA.