Michael L. Ganz

Social Epidemiology and the Fundamental Cause Concept: On the Structuring of Effective Cancer Screens by Socioeconomic Status

Since the early 1800s, studies have consistently demonstrated that people higher in the socioeconomic hierarchy live longer than people of lower rank. One hypothesis for the persistence of this association is that people who are relatively better off are more able to avoid risks by adopting currently available protective strategies. In a partial test of this idea, the social distributions of two cancer screening tests--Pap smears and mammography--were examined. A review of the literature and an analysis of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data showed a consistent association between indicators of socioeconomic status and recent screening. These findings support the theory that societies create and shape patterns of disease. Innovations beneficial to health are carried out within the context of inequalities that shape the distribution of the health benefit, thereby affecting patterns of morality.

Economic Costs of Overactive Bladder in the United States

OBJECTIVES To calculate, from a societal perspective, current direct (medical and nonmedical) and indirect costs of overactive bladder (OAB) in the United States and project them to future years. Existing cost assessments of OAB in the United States are incomplete and outdated. METHODS A prevalence-based model was developed incorporating age- and sex-specific OAB prevalence rates, usage data, and productivity data. On the basis of the information gathered from the recent 5 years of the medical literature, practice guidelines, Medicare and managed care fee schedules, and expert panel input, the annual per capita and total US costs were calculated for 2007. US census population forecasts were used to project the costs of OAB to 2015 and 2020. RESULTS In 2007, average annual per capita costs of OAB were

Abused Women Disclose Partner Interference with Health Care: An Unrecognized Form of Battering

1925 (

The contextual effects of social capital on health: a cross-national instrumental variable analysis

1433 in direct medical,

Risk factors for excess mortality in harlem: Findings from the harlem household survey

66 in direct nonmedical, and

Assessing Intimate Partner Violence in Health Care Settings Leads to Women's Receipt of Interventions and Improved Health

426 in indirect costs). Applying these costs to the 34 million people in the United States with OAB results in total national costs of

The Effect of State Early Intervention Eligibility Policy on Participation Among a Cohort of Young CSHCN

65.9 billion (billion = 1000 million), (

Mental Health Care Services for Children With Special Health Care Needs and Their Family Members: Prevalence and Correlates of Unmet Needs

49.1 billion direct medical,

The Doctor's Dilemma: Challenges for the Primary Care Physician Caring for the Child With Special Health Care Needs

2.3 billion direct nonmedical, and

Medicare payments, healthcare service use, and telemedicine implementation costs in a randomized trial comparing telemedicine case management with usual care in medically underserved participants with diabetes mellitus (IDEATel).

14.6 billion indirect). Average annual per capita costs in 2015 and 2020 would be