Michael Moody

Serial Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement*

Serial reciprocity exists when people reciprocate for what they have received—for example, from a parent, a friend, a mentor, a stranger, a previous generation—by providing something to a third party, regardless of whether a return is also given to, or makes its way back to, the original giver. To understand serial reciprocity as reciprocity, this article delineates the general features of the serial type of reciprocity and outlines two general situations in which serial reciprocity provides a viable option—the only or the most appropriate option—for reciprocal return. It also argues for a more fundamental rethinking of reciprocity in general. A more cognitive and cultural perspective on reciprocity is proposed that focuses on the meaning of exchanges and treats reciprocity as a socially constructed element of a culturally available repertoire. This can better account for the existing serial type of reciprocity. The article concludes with suggestions for empirical research.

A Hippocratic Oath for Philanthropists

The primary principle in the Hippocratic Oath—“seek to do good, but do no harm”—is a useful way of summarizing the ideal ethics of philanthropy, illuminating both the goals and the dilemmas of philanthropic leaders. This chapter explores how both parts of this ethical commitment can be applied to the essential yet risky work of philanthropists, including donors, volunteers, and nonprofit organizations. Questions about the good and potential harm done by two prominent philanthropic organizations—the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Teach for America—are reviewed in depth, along with other examples. The challenges of seeking to advance a vision of the public good through philanthropy are discussed, and a detailed list of types of potential harm is presented. Practical suggestions for how philanthropists can minimize harm conclude the chapter.