Michael P. O’Connor

Non-fluent Aphasia in a Multilingual World

“Non-fluent Aphasia in a Multilingual World” is an up-to-date introduction to the language of patients with non-fluent aphasia. Recent research in languages other than English has challenged our old descriptions of aphasia syndromes: while their patterns can be recognized across languages, the structure of each language has a profound effect on the symptoms of aphasic speech. However, the basic linguistic concepts needed to understand these effects in languages other than English have rarely been part of the training of the clinician. “Non-fluent Aphasia in a Multilingual World” introduces these concepts plainly and concretely, in the context of dozens of examples from the narratives and conversations of patients speaking most of the major languages of Europe, North America and Asia. Linguistic and clinical terms are carefully defined and kept as theory neutral as possible. “Non-Fluent Aphasia in a Multilingual World” is especially useful for speech-language pathologists whose patients are immigrants and guestworkers, and for the clinician who must deal creatively with the challenges of providing aphasia diagnosis and therapy in a multicultural, multidialectical setting.

At the Heart of the Matter

t the Heart of the Matter arisa Holubar, MD, Michael Connor, MD, Steven P. LaRosa, MD, Arun Singh, MD Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, rovidence, RI; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, leveland, OH; Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, rovidence, RI; Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI.

Two-operator approach to improve eye–hand coordination using the GlideScope® videolaryngoscope

To the Editor, Although the GlideScope videolaryngoscope (GVL) (Verathon, Bothell, WA, USA) has demonstrably improved visualization of the glottis, directing and advancing the endotracheal tube (ETT) through the vocal cords remains a problem. Despite that several stylets, endotracheal tube configurations and maneuvers have been adopted to overcome this problem, these solutions all rely upon a single operator to handle the GVL and simultaneously maneuver the ETT. Unlike conventional laryngoscopy where the operator looks directly at the anatomic structures, during a procedure using the GVL, the operator must focus on the monitor. Such indirect viewing impairs eye–hand coordination, thereby undermining the operator’s ability to manipulate the ETT proficiently (Fig. 1a). On the other hand, using two operators, i.e., a videolaryngoscope or camera operator and an ETT operator, during the procedure reduces the number of tasks the ETT operator must perform, improving the visuo-motor dexterity. At our institution, an interface was recently developed allowing us to improve GVL image size and quality by simultaneously transferring the image to two separate 46inch high-definition 1080p liquid crystal display overhead monitors (model LN46A550P3F, Samsung Electronics America, Mount Arlington, NJ, USA). The interface allows two operators to be strategically positioned around the patient, one operator to hold the GVL and the other to manipulate the ETT (Fig. 1b). Our experience using this approach with the first ten patients has been excellent. First, since two monitors displayed the images, each operator had an uninterrupted view of the anatomic structures throughout the procedure. Second, although the ETT operator may have lost some degree of extra depth perception by not handling the GVL, the ETT could be maneuvered more proficiently because both of the operator’s hands were free for the task. This freedom to maneuver proved especially valuable in three cases that required an additional tube rotation in order to advance the ETT into the trachea. In a fourth case, this approach allowed the ETT operator to insert a double lumen tube after a previous single operator had failed to fully rotate and advance the ETT into the trachea, although the operator had a clear view of the glottis. Finally, in situations where the GVL blade had to be repositioned to optimize the view, having a separate camera operator perform this task allowed the ETT operator to manipulate the tube without interruption. This approach can potentially reduce the risk of oropharyngeal trauma associated with the GVL by minimizing or eliminating the blind spot during ETT insertion. Once the camera operator obtains the desired view, the ETT operator then inserts and advances the tube into the oropharynx while looking directly at the patient’s mouth rather than at the monitor (Fig. 1c). The ETT operator redirects his attention toward the monitor to complete the intubation only after the camera operator confirms the tube’s appearance on the monitor. Coordinated assistance is not new to videolaryngoscopy; it has also demonstrated its advantages when the GVL is used. However, our initial experience goes a step further because two operators are in place from the onset of the Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12630-009-9178-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.