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International Review of Social History | 2012

Historiography and Research Problems of Slavery and the Slave Trade in a Global-Historical Perspective

Michael Zeuske

This article takes a global-historical perspective on all slaveries and slave trades (and contraband trading of human bodies) in relation to todays state of capitalist accumulation. It follows the different “national” schools of slavery research in different imperial traditions, as well as the sections of historical thinking stimulated through slavery research. Although legal ownership over humans does not exist any more, more women and men are in conditions of slavery today than in any other period of history since 1200. Against this background, the article criticizes the concentration in historiography on “hegemonic” slaveries (antique, Islamic, and American plantation slaveries) and proposes a focus on smaller “slaveries” all over the world (first of all of women and children), and on the agency of slaves and slave women, rather than on “great” slavery in a tradition of “Roman Law”.


HiN - Alexander von Humboldt im Netz. Internationale Zeitschrift für Humboldt-Studien | 2005

Alexander von Humboldt y la comparación de las esclavitudes en las Américas

Michael Zeuske

ZusammenfassungDer Artikel verfolgt zwei Ziele, die beide mit dem Fund des bisher unbekannten humboldtschen Kuba-Tagebuchs von 1804 (in der Biblioteka Jagiellonska Krakow durch Ulrike Leitner) zusammenhangen. Einmal will er die zwar diskontinuierliche, aber zusammenhangende Entwicklung von Humboldts Sklavereibild darlegen (die im Tagebuch von 1804 in gewissem Sinne kulminiert und in nuce den Essay uber Kuba bildet) und zum zweiten die wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Sensation, dass Humboldt wesentliche Elemente der Methode des Vergleichs systematisch auf soziale, historische und soziookonomische Verhaltnisse der Sklaverei anzuwenden begann, als er Anfang 1804 in Veracruz oder Havanna von der Proklamation des Staates „Haity“ auf der Insel Santo Domingo horte. Diese beiden Erkenntnisse andern die Einschatzung von Humboldts politischem Verhaltnis zu zwei Gruppen der spanisch-amerikanischen Bevolkerung (die Teile der kreolische Elite, die plante „eine weise Republik“ nach dem Vorbild Frankreichs zu grunden, und die Gruppe oder „Kaste“ der „pardos“) am „Vorabend der Unabhangigkeitsrevolution“. AbstractThis article has two main aims. Both are motivated by the Humboldtian diary about Cuba in 1804, unknown until today (found by Ulrike Leitner in the Biblioteka Jagiellonska Krakow). First, the article will present the in fact discontinuous but coherent development of the Humboldtian image of slavery in Spanish America (which is culminating to some extent in the diary and builds in nuce what later will become the “Essay on the Island of Cuba”). Second, the article presents the sensation in history of science, that Humboldt starts to apply systematically main elements of scientific method of comparison on social, historical and socioeconomic themes of slavery, when he heard of the proclamation of the new state of “Haity” in Veracruz or Havana in 1804. These two findings (and the diary itself) are changing profoundly our knowledge about Humboldt’s political relationship with two larger groups of the population of Spanish America (the parts of the Creole elite who were planning to found “a white republic”, following the French model and the very large group, or caste, of the “pardos”) on the “Eve of the Independence Movement”. ResumenEste articulo tiene dos objetivos principales. Ambos estan motivados por el hallazgo del diario humboldtiano sobre Cuba en 1804, hasta ahora desconocido (en la Biblioteka Jagiellonska Krakow por Ulrike Leitner). Primero, el articulo pretende exponer la genesis tanto discontinuada como coherente de la enemistad humboldtiana con la esclavitud (que culmina en cierto grado en este “nuevo” diario y que configura in nuce el “Ensayo sobre Cuba” del propio Humboldt). Segundo, el articulo presenta la – a nivel de la historia de las sciencias – sensacion, que Humboldt empezo a aplicar sistematicamente metodos de comparacion scientifica a las condiciones sociales, historicas y socio-economicas de la esclavitud, cuando en 1804 supo en Veracruz o La Habana de la proclamacion del estado “Haity”. Estos dos reconocimientos del articulo presente cambian profundamente nuestros conocimientos de la relacion politica de Humboldt en cuanto a dos grupos mayores de la poblacion (partes de la elite criolla que planifico fundar “una republica blanca” a manera de la revolucion francesa de 1789 y el grupo o la “casta” de los llamados “pardos”) en “el umbral de la revolucion de Independencia”.


Atlantic Studies | 2018

Out of the Americas: Slave traders and the Hidden Atlantic in the nineteenth century

Michael Zeuske

ABSTRACT This essay on the “Hidden Atlantic” was first published in German in 2009, systematically employing the concept for the first time. It is published here in English translation, slightly revised and supplemented with the most important recent literature. Its basic assumption is that since the beginning of British and US policies implemented against the Atlantic slave trade, slave ship voyages (1808/1820–1874) were no longer outfitted in Europe, but, especially since 1820, equipped in the Americas, primarily in Brazil and Cuba (“Out of the Americas”). In a first part, the essay analyzes the emergence of the Hidden Atlantic, its agents (here essentially “slave traders” and various other agents, such as Atlantic creoles), and the numbers of displaced persons from Africa (2–3 million according to www.slavevoyages.org). Further, the essay considers the marginalization (Joseph C. Miller) of the Hidden Atlantic and the emergence of a research field emanating from the search for negrero ships on the slave trade Atlantic, primarily the search for the other ships which belonged to the captain of the Amistad, Ramón Ferrer. This essay concludes with some initial results of the “Slave Trader Project” on the Hidden Atlantic.


Archive | 2016

Re-presenting and Narrating Labour: Coolie Migration in the Cariibbean

Liliana Gómez-Popescu; Sabine Damir-Geilsdorf; Ulrike Lindner; Gesine Müller; Oliver Tappe; Michael Zeuske

“Yet if we have become overly visible, contemporary hypervisibility traces its roots to the singularly modern belief in appropriating and desire to appropriate the world by means of the gaze. The modernization of cultures and societies was linked to an increasing secularization of the invisible. [...] Their use of a visual rhetoric that defines scenarios, excludes or includes protagonists, and, most crucially, evokes pedagogies of the gaze allows us to glean signs of becoming, modes of making visible imagined modernities and communities.” JAGUARIBE/LISSOVSKY 2009: 175-176


Slavery & Abolition | 2014

Rethinking the Case of the Schooner Amistad: Contraband and Complicity after 1808/1820

Michael Zeuske

Based on new archival findings and new interpretations, this article presents new perspectives of the ‘Amistad case’, bringing it back into Caribbean and Atlantic history. The article demonstrates that the captain of the Amistad, Ramón Ferrer, and his crew were transatlantic slave traders and smugglers and provides proof that the Amistad was built in Cuba. Moreover, as a result of the enormous profits of the illegal slave trade, Ferrer bought more slave ships and invested much money in the modernization of plantation production. This article also critiques one of the most influential narratives about the Atlantic crossing of the Amistad captives: that they did so in a ‘Portuguese ship named Teçora’. As the harbor lists of Havana in 1839 show, the captives came in a ship named Hugh Boyle under the American captain, J.R. Brown. All this gives new insights into the American participation in the hidden Atlantic and the significance of Cuba as a provider of contraband captives for the American South.


HiN - Alexander von Humboldt im Netz. Internationale Zeitschrift für Humboldt-Studien | 2010

Humboldt en Cuba, 1800/1801 y 1804 - Huellas de un enigma

Michael Zeuske

Resumen No tenemos parecidas noticias sobre el recuerdo local en cuanto a Humboldt como lo tenemos en el caso de las cartas de Ferdinand Bellermann en Venezuela. Lo que si tenemos son las fuentes en Krakow que demuestran el gran impacto de Humboldt entre la elite politica y economica en la Habana (1800-1830) y a la vez sus redes de comunicacion. En la historia intelectual de Cuba el nombre de Humboldt esta intimamente ligado con el cosmopolitismo de las elites hispano-cubanas (Arango, conde Villanueva, Sagra, Saco) como con el concepto de la nacion cubana (Luz y Caballero, Vidal Morales y Morales, Leuchsenring, Ortiz, Barnet y otros). Los ultimos ganaron la hegemonia discursiva e hicieron a Humboldt “suyo” (“segundo descubridor de Cuba”), aunque este Humboldt eurocriollo para ellos tambien tenia la funcion de impedir cambios fundamentales en el sistema de esclavitud o comportamiento frente a los problemas de la post-emancipacion en Cuba.


HiN - Alexander von Humboldt im Netz. Internationale Zeitschrift für Humboldt-Studien | 2003

¿Humboldteanización del mundo occidental? La importancia del viaje de Humboldt para Europa y América Latina

Michael Zeuske

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag “Humboldteanisierung des Westens? Die Bedeutung der Reise Humboldts fur Europa und Lateinamerika” behandelt der preusischen emprischen Universalgelehrten, in Ubereinstimmung mit dem von Ottmar Ette entwickelten Konzept, als einen, wenn nicht den wichtigsten Begrunder der westlichen Moderne. Im Gegensatz zu den bekannten Grundern der Moderne (Descartes, Kant, Buffon, Schiller, Hegel, Marx ... etc.) war Humboldt Empiriker und Globaldenker und er tat dies auf transkulturelle Weise, manchmal auch schon auf interkulturelle Weise; allerdings meist auf Basis der romisch-klassizistischen Denktradition und Asthetik Europas. Der Beitrag arbeitet drei Wissenstypen Humboldts heraus und versucht zu zeigen, dass der Universalismus Humboldt wichtige interkulturelle Grundlagen in der Kommunikation mit amerikanischen Gelehrten und im amerikanischen Empirismus (“lokales Wissen”) hat. Die Bedeutung einer solchen Konzeption der Humboldt-Reise zeigt sich – in der Negierung – in den gegenwartigen Debatten um Diasporas und “Race” im atlantischen Westen (“Black Atlantic”). Humboldt Kenntnisse der amerikanischen Sklavereien und seine absolute Verurteilung der Sklaverei ist dabei nicht prasent. Im zweiten Teil zeigt der Beitrag mogliche Lesarten der Humboldt-Tagebucher, indem er “imaginare Humboldt-Essays” konstruiert. Abstract The article “Humboldization of the Western world? The importance of the travel of Humboldt for Europa and for Latin America”, treats the empirical Prussian Scientist as a globalist (Universalgelehrten), in accordance to the conceptualization made by Ottmar Ette. Humboldt was one, if not the most important founder of Western moderne. As opposed to the well-known founders of the moderne (Descartes, Kant, Buffon, Schiller, Hegel, Marx ... etc.), Alexander von Humboldt was an empirical and a global thinker. He did this in transcultural manners, sometimes already in intercultural manners. But most of times, his point of view is based in the European tradition of roman-classicist and aesthetic thinking. The article tries to demonstrate three types of knowledge in Humboldt and also, that the humboldtian universalism has important intercultural bases in the comunication with American scientists and in the American empiricism (“local knowledge”). One importance of such a conceptualization of Humboldt is shown – in negation – in the actual debates over diaspora and race in the Atlantic world (“Black Atlantic”). Humboldt knowledge of American slaveries and his absolute condemnation of slavery in his “Island of Cuba” is not present in these debates. In the second part the article demonstrates possibles manners of reading the diaries of Humboldt, by constructing “essais imaginaires” about colonialism, slavery, Peru, the Pacific ocean etc.


Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas = Anuario de Historia de América Latina ( JbLA ) | 1994

Cipriano Castro in Deutschland und ein Waffenschmuggel nach Venezuela (1909-1913)

Michael Zeuske

espanolEl presente articulo analiza las estadias de Cipriano Castro en Alemania. Como fuentes documentales se utilizan las actas del Archivo Principal del Estado de Sajonia en Dresde. Con ayuda de garantes alemanes, que Castro habia conocido durante su epoca de aprendiz en una casa de comercio, en 1913 el derrocado presidente intenta introducir en Venezuela armas de contrabando procedentes de Sajonia. DeutschDie Miszelle behandelt die Deutschland-Aufenthalte von Cipriano Castro auf der Basis von Akten aus dem Sachsischen Hauptstaatsarchiv Dresden. Mit Hilfe deutscher Gewahrsleute, die Castro in seiner Zeit als Handlungsgehilfe kennengelernt hatte, versuchte der gesturzte Prasident 1913 Waffen von Sachsen nach Venezuela zu schmuggeln.


Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas | 1990

Kolonialpolitik und Revolution: Kuba und die Unabhängigkeit der Costa Firme, 1808–1821

Michael Zeuske

Kuba war die einzige strategisch wichtige Region des gesamten iberoamerikanischen Raumes, in der von 1789 bis 1830 keine politische Revolution stattfand. Das wirft die Frage nach dem historischen Ort gesellschaftlicher Prozesse auf der größten Antilleninsel in diesem Zeitraum auf. Gegenstand des vorliegenden Artikels ist die Entwicklung einer historischen Region mit besonderer geographisch-strategischer und wirtschaftlich-politischer Bedeutung im Wechselverhältnis mit der Costa Firme (auch Tierra Firme: zeitgenössische Bezeichnung, die vor allem das Gebiet der Generalkapitanie Venezuela an der karibischen Nordküste Südamerikas erfaßte). Die Costa Firme wurde in der Unabhän-


Comparative Studies in Society and History | 2002

Property in Writing, Property on the Ground: Pigs, Horses, Land, and Citizenship in the Aftermath of Slavery, Cuba, 1880–1909

Rebecca J. Scott; Michael Zeuske

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