Michaella M Prasad

Post-Prostatectomy Urinary Incontinence: A Confluence of 3 Factors

PURPOSE Urinary incontinence has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients who undergo radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. We reviewed available published data to analyze the etiology and prevention of this surgical complication. MATERIALS AND METHODS A MEDLINE search of the literature on this topic was performed. RESULTS There was a wide disparity in the reported rates of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy due to various reasons including definitions, patient selection and intraoperative technical factors. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative urinary incontinence has a major impact on patient satisfaction after radical prostatectomy. Attention to factors including patient selection, nuances of the surgical technique, and a more uniform, widespread agreement on the definition and instruments to measure postoperative incontinence is needed to enhance surgical outcomes. In addition, further research is needed to improve the diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence after prostate cancer surgery.

REVIEW: Utilization of Pharmacotherapy for Erectile Dysfunction Following Treatment for Prostate Cancer

INTRODUCTION Pharmacotherapies improve sexual function following treatments for localized prostate cancer; however, patterns of care remain unknown. Aim. To ascertain post-treatment utilization of pharmacotherapies for erectile dysfunction (ED) using a population-based approach. METHODS We identified 38,958 men who underwent definitive treatment for localized prostate cancer during 2003-2006 from the MarketScan Medstat data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We compared the use of ED pharmacotherapy at baseline (up to 3 months prior) and up to 30 months following radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiotherapy (RT) for localized prostate cancer by utilizing National Drug Classification codes for phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5I), intracavernosal injectable therapies (IT), urethral suppositories and vacuum erection devices (VED). In adjusted analyses, we controlled for the effect of age, comorbidity, type of treatment, health plan and use of adjuvant hormone therapy on the use of pharmacotherapies. Results. Men undergoing RP vs. RT were younger with less co-morbid conditions. Utilization of PDE5I was up to three times greater for men undergoing RP vs. RT, 25.6% vs. 8.8%, (P < 0.0001) in the first post-treatment year, and usage of these agents was greatest for men undergoing minimally-invasive RP procedures. A higher percentage of men also used IT, suppositories and VED after RP vs. RT (P < 0.001). However, more men in the RT group received adjuvant hormonal therapy (39.53% vs. 5.25% for RP, P < 0.01). In adjusted analyses, men undergoing RP vs. RT were more than two times likely (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.98, 2.26) to use PDE5I post-treatment while men on adjuvant hormonal therapy were less likely to use PDE5I (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.70-0.79, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Men undergoing RP vs. RT, particularly minimally-invasive RP, are more likely to employ IT, suppositories, VED, and PDE5I pharmacotherapy post-treatment.

Long-term incidence of urinary tract infection after ureteral reimplantation for primary vesicoureteral reflux.

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) after ureteral reimplantation (UR) for primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective review, the pyelonephritis-free survival of patients with primary VUR who underwent open UR from January 1990 to December 2002 was assessed using a Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS 1076 patients underwent open UR for primary VUR. 73.0% were female; median age was 4.7 years. 80.1% presented with UTI. Clinical success rate for non-tapered UR was 96.5%. Median follow-up was 2.9 years. 21.8% had at least one postoperative UTI. 6.5% had postoperative pyelonephritis (POP) at a median of 21 months postoperatively. On multivariate survival analysis female gender (OR 9.97, 95% CI 3.07-32.34), preoperative VUR grade ≥ 3 (2.14, 1.25-3.69), breakthrough preoperative UTI (2.00, 1.22-3.25), and preoperative renal scarring (1.86, 1.15-2.99) were associated with POP. CONCLUSION POP is rare on long-term follow-up, suggesting that UR is effective in reducing pyelonephritis in this population.

New Contralateral Vesicoureteral Reflux after Unilateral Ureteral Reimplantation: Predictive Factors and Clinical Outcomes

PURPOSE Although unilateral ureteral reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux is highly successful, new contralateral reflux will develop postoperatively in some patients. We examined predictors and clinical outcomes of postoperative contralateral vesicoureteral reflux. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed patients who underwent nontapered unilateral reimplantation for primary vesicoureteral reflux graded on a 3-point scale at our institution from January 1990 to December 2002, and identified those with subsequent contralateral vesicoureteral reflux. We analyzed the association of patient/procedure characteristics with incidence, and time to resolution of contralateral reflux and postoperative urinary tract infection. Multivariable models controlled for variables associated with incidence and time to resolution of contralateral reflux. RESULTS A total of 395 patients (77.2% female, median age 5.3 years) underwent ureteral reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux. Preoperative reflux was grade 1 in 2.8% of patients, grade 2 in 56.6% and grade 3 in 40.6%. Technical success was 95.4%. After reimplantation 39 patients (9.9%) had new contralateral reflux (grade 1 in 7, grade 2 in 27 and grade 3 in 5). Median followup was 51.8 months. On multivariate analysis younger age (less than 6 years, OR 3.7, p = 0.006) and low observed bladder capacity as percent of predicted bladder capacity (less than 50% of predicted capacity, OR 6.3, p = 0.02) were significant predictors of contralateral reflux. Contralateral reflux resolved in 21 of 27 patients (77.8%) on subsequent cystography at a median of 21.5 months. Two patients underwent reimplantation for persistent contralateral reflux. Four of 39 patients (10.3%) with contralateral reflux had postoperative febrile urinary tract infections at a median of 26 months, with spontaneous resolution of contralateral reflux in all. CONCLUSIONS Younger patients and those with low observed vs predicted bladder capacity may be at increased risk for postoperative contralateral vesicoureteral reflux. A majority of contralateral reflux will resolve spontaneously, and the clinical course is typically benign.

Clinical Outcomes and Long-Term Resolution in Patients with Persistent Vesicoureteral Reflux after Open Ureteral Reimplantation

PURPOSE Success rates of ureteral reimplantation for primary vesicoureteral reflux are high. Few studies document the natural history of children with persistent vesicoureteral reflux. We reviewed their clinical outcomes and long-term resolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective review of all children with persistent vesicoureteral reflux (grade 1 or greater) into the reimplanted ureter(s) on initial cystogram after reimplantation for primary vesicoureteral reflux at our institution from January 1990 to December 2002. We evaluated subsequent cystograms (graded on the 3-point radionuclide cystogram scale), surgery and urinary tract infection. We performed survival analyses of time to resolution of persistent (grade 1 or greater) and clinically significant (grade 2 or greater) vesicoureteral reflux in patients with more than 1 postoperative cystogram. RESULTS Of 965 patients 59 (94 ureters) had persistent vesicoureteral reflux (6.1%), including 19 grade 1/3, 29 grade 2/3 and 11 grade 3/3. Median patient age at reimplantation was 1.9 years (range 0.8 to 5.1) and 62.7% were female. Preoperative vesicoureteral reflux grade was 2/3 in 42.4% and 3/3 in 57.6%, and 30.5% of patients had ureteral tapering. Median followup was 47.1 months (IQR 19.3-650.3). Reflux was resolved in 26 of 36 (72.2%) patients and median time to resolution was 20.4 months. Grade 2 or greater reflux on postoperative cystogram resolved in 21 of 32 (65.6%) patients and median time to resolution was 20.4 months. There were 10 patients with persistent vesicoureteral reflux at last cystogram, grade 1 or 2 in 9 and 3/3 in 1 patient. One patient underwent repeat reimplantation for persistent vesicoureteral reflux and 7 (13%) had postoperative febrile urinary tract infection at a median of 37 months postoperatively (IQR 1.7-64.4). CONCLUSIONS Persistent vesicoureteral reflux after reimplantation resolves spontaneously in most children and can be managed nonoperatively with good long-term outcomes.

Imaging studies and biomarkers to detect clinically meaningful vesicoureteral reflux

The work-up of a febrile urinary tract infection is generally performed to detect vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and its possible complications. The imaging modalities most commonly used for this purpose are renal-bladder ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram and dimercapto-succinic acid scan. These studies each contribute valuable information, but carry individual benefits and limitations that may impact their efficacy. Biochemical markers are not commonly used in pediatric urology to diagnose or differentiate high-risk disease, but this is the emerging frontier, which will hopefully change our approach to VUR in the future. As it becomes more apparent that there is tremendous clinical variation within grades of VUR, the need to distinguish clinically significant from insignificant disease grows. The unfortunate truth about VUR is that recommendations for treatment may be inconsistent. Nuances in clinical decision-making will always exist, but opinions for medical versus surgical intervention should be more standardized, based on risk of injury to the kidney.

Three testicles in one hemiscrotum: an unusual presentation of polyorchidism.

Polyorchidism, or more than one testicle in a hemiscrotum, is a relatively rare phenomenon. It is often associated with several other conditions, including inguinal hernia, testicular maldescent, testicular torsion, hydrocele or hypospadias. In this report, we describe a patient who presented with three testicles in one hemiscrotum, which is a highly unusual presentation for an already uncommon condition. We also review the relevant literature as it relates to the need for surveillance due to the increased risk for malignancy.

Pathologic Specimens at Time of Pyeloplasty: Frequency and Practice Patterns

OBJECTIVE To assess national and regional practice patterns and rates of pathologic specimen identification sent at time of pyeloplasty, as well as project associated costs, we used a national administrative database. The rate at which the excised ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is sent for pathologic identification is variable, arguably without a clear clinical purpose. MATERIALS / METHODS Utilizing a national administrative database of privately insured patients, 1496 individual cases were identified using international classification of diseases (ICD) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) coding. Patients from 0-18 years of age were included whose pyeloplasty was performed during 2010-2014. Patients who were and were not billed for pathologic identification at time of surgery were identified. Regional practice patterns and associated costs were determined. RESULTS One thousand four hundred and ninety-six pyeloplasty cases were identified (68.2% males). Specimens were sent for pathologic identification in 827 cases (55%). Average age was 5.8 years for those without pathology and 4.6 years for those in whom a specimen was billed. Regionally, the Western United States was least likely to bill for surgical pathology (49%). The parental out-of-pocket payment for the encounter was on average

MP74-14 IS IT POSSIBLE TO PREDICT SUCCESS OF RENAL AUTO-TRANSPLANTATION FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY PAIN? DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALGORITHM UTILIZING CELIAC PLEXUS BLOCK

1518 for cases in which pathology was sent and

Prostate cancer: endogenous chemical castration

1398 for those cases for which no pathology bill was identified. CONCLUSION Pediatric pyeloplasty is a common surgical procedure for which a pathologic specimen is sent in as many as 55% of cases in this cohort. Regional differences exist across the country and there is an associated slightly higher out-of-pocket cost in cases for which pathologic specimens are sent at time of pyeloplasty.