Michelle Marshall

Interprofessional capability: A developing framework for interprofessional education

This article reports on the development of an Interprofessional Capability Framework that articulates the learning outcomes that students need to achieve and continue to develop in order to become capable interprofessional workers. Although there tends to be general agreement around the subject matter to be included under the rubric of interprofessional learning, little information is available regarding the learning outcomes students need to achieve in order to become effective interprofessional workers. The Interprofessional Capability Framework defines capabilities that underpin interprofessional working and are relevant to all health and social care professions. The categories of the Framework were generated utilising grounded theory strategies in the analysis of the Quality Assurance Agency benchmark statements that inform the undergraduate curricula of all health and social care courses in the United Kingdom. This resulted in the conceptualisation of four key domains in which capabilities and learning levels have been articulated: Knowledge in Practice, Ethical Practice, Interprofessional Working and Reflection (learning).

What Do Medical Students Understand By Research And Research Skills? Identifying Research Opportunities Within Undergraduate Projects

Background: Undergraduate research exposure leads to increased recruitment into academic medicine, enhanced employability and improved postgraduate research productivity. Uptake of undergraduate research opportunities is reported to be disappointing, and little is known about how students perceive research. Aim: To investigate opportunities for undergraduate participation in research, recognition of such opportunities, and associated skills development. Method: A mixed method approach, incorporating student focus and study groups, and documentary analysis at five UK medical schools. Results: Undergraduates recognised the benefits of acquiring research skills, but identified practical difficulties and disadvantages of participating. Analysis of 905 projects in four main research skill areas – (1) research methods; (2) information gathering; (3) critical analysis and review; (4) data processing – indicated 52% of projects provided opportunities for students to develop one or more skills, only 13% offered development in all areas. In 17%, project descriptions provided insufficient information to determine opportunities. Supplied with information from a representative sample of projects (n = 80), there was little consensus in identifying skills among students or between students and researchers. Consensus improved dramatically following guidance on how to identify skills. Conclusions: Undergraduates recognise the benefits of research experience but need a realistic understanding of the research process. Opportunities for research skill development may not be obvious. Undergraduates require training to recognise the skills required for research and enhanced transparency in potential project outcomes.

Lessons from medical students’ perceptions of learning reflective skills: A multi-institutional study

Background: A core competency during undergraduate medical training is the development of reflective learning. The current literature is limited to demonstrating how reflective learning has been implemented or the approaches to its development. There is a lack of insight into students’ perceptions of reflection and the factors that support development of reflective practice. Bridging this gap may provide insight into how reflective learning within the curriculum can be better developed to increase engagement from learners. Methods: Eight focus group interviews with second year students from four UK medical schools were held. Results were thematically analysed. Key findings: Students have a high level of understanding of the purpose of reflection in practice but they perceive that there is a tension between public and private reflections. Assessment of the reflective process was perceived to be useful for developing reflective skills but grading of their reflective writing was not considered to be useful. Staff who champion the development of reflective skills and mentor students were perceived to play key roles in aiding the development of reflective skills. Appropriate experiences were seen to be a key part of developing reflective skills. Conclusion: These findings highlight potential ways to revise and improve engagement with the reflective learning components of undergraduate courses.

Exploring the role of the interprofessional mentor

This paper describes the articulation of a model of interprofessional mentorship derived from qualitative interviews with students and health and social care professionals who support students in practice settings. The findings describe three core components within the data: the facilitation of interprofessional learning; supervision of students and assessment of their learning. These components interact with the aim of developing interprofessional capability in students. It is suggested that the articulation of this model has the potential to inform future practice and development around interprofessional mentorship.

Interprofessional Mentorship: Taking on the Challenge

The current emphasis on the development of an interprofessional workforce in health and social care puts interprofessional learning at the heart of undergraduate curricula. This paper explores the concept of interprofessional mentorship and considers how this role might be developed in order to facilitate interprofessional learning in the practice placement.

Developing Interprofessional Capability in Students of Health and Social Care ‐ The Role of Practice‐Based Learning

The modernisation agenda in health and social care is concerned with providing an integrated service for patients/clients and their carers. This paper focuses on the nature of practice‐based learning environments that support the development of students as effective interprofessional practitioners for the modernised health and social care services.

Medical Student Perceptions of Feedback and Feedback Behaviors Within the Context of the “educational Alliance”

Purpose Using the “educational alliance” as a conceptual framework, the authors explored medical students’ beliefs about feedback and how their feedback behaviors reflect their perceptions. Method Five focus groups (four to six medical students each) at one UK medical school in 2015 were used to capture and elucidate learners’ feedback perceptions and behaviors within the context of the learner–educator relationship. A map of key feedback opportunities across the program was used as a tool for exploring student engagement with the feedback process. Qualitative data were analyzed using an approach based on grounded theory principles. Results Three learner feedback behaviors emerged: recognizing, using, and seeking feedback. Five core themes influencing these behaviors were generated: learner beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions; relationships; teacher attributes; mode of feedback; and learning culture. Conceptual models illustrating the relationships between the themes and each behavior were developed. Learning culture influenced all three behaviors with a wide context of influences. Conclusions Ensuring that feedback leads to improved performance requires more than training educators in best practices. The conceptual models support the educational alliance framework and illustrate the context and complexity of learning culture surrounding the educational relationship, learner, and feedback exchange. The educational alliance approach is underpinned by a mutual understanding of purpose and responsibility. Enhancing learners’ feedback literacy skills seems to be the key aspect of the educational alliance in need of attention. Empowering learners to recognize, seek, and use feedback received within diverse learning cultures is essential.

From school to work: Promoting the application of pre-qualification interprofessional education in the clinical workplace

The rationale for Interprofessional Education (IPE) is based on the assumption it will improve practice. Despite evidence that it may modify attitudes and provide knowledge and skills for collaboration, there is little evidence about whether these skills can be transferred to practice. The aim of this research was to explore how midwifery students apply pre-qualification IPE learning to practice and to understand the factors in the clinical workplace that facilitate or hinder this application. A purposive sample of students, educators, Heads of Midwifery and new midwives from four universities throughout the United Kingdom participated in semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Emerging themes were developed using the principles of Grounded Theory. Participants articulated ways in which the clinical environment either promoted or prevented IPE in practice. The extent to which the clinical institution promoted IPE was made visible through the support for students during placements; the support for new midwives; and the evolution of professional roles. Buy-in for the IPE agenda in the workplace influences the ability of new midwives to apply IPE competencies to professional practice. The benefits of a theoretical foundation in interprofessional skills may be lost if students and new midwives find themselves working in contexts that do not make collaboration a priority.

Involving Patients and Service Users in Student Learning: Developing Practice and Principles

This paper describes work with patients/service users, students and educators, resulting in the identification of key issues to be addressed when planning patient/service user participation in interprofessional student learning. Preparation, communication, support and debriefing for both students and lay participants were revealed as essential for successful patient/service user involvement in education.

Becoming an interprofessional practitioner: factors promoting the application of pre-qualification learning to professional practice in maternity care

Abstract Teamwork and collaboration have been recognized as essential competencies for health care providers in the field of maternity care. Health care policy and regulatory bodies have stressed the importance of Interprofessional Education (IPE) for learners in this field; however, there is little evidence of sustained application of pre-qualifying IPE to the realm of interprofessional collaboration (IPC) in practice following qualification. The aim of this research was to understand how newly qualified midwives applied their IPE training to professional practice. A purposive sample of midwifery students, educators, new midwives and Heads of Midwifery from four universities in the United Kingdom participated in semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and focus groups. Qualitative, grounded theory methodology was used to develop the emerging theory. Newly qualified midwives appeared better able to integrate their IPE training into practice when IPE occurred in a favourable learning environment that facilitated acquisition and application of IPE skills and that recognized the importance of shared partnership between the university and the clinical workplace.