Michiel M. Helsen

A Review of Antarctic Surface Snow Isotopic Composition: Observations, Atmospheric Circulation, and Isotopic Modeling*

A database of surface Antarctic snow isotopic composition is constructed using available measurements, with an estimate of data quality and local variability. Although more than 1000 locations are documented, the spatial coverage remains uneven with a majority of sites located in specific areas of East Antarctica. The database is used to analyze the spatial variations in snow isotopic composition with respect to geographical characteristics (elevation, distance to the coast) and climatic features (temperature, accumulation) and with a focus on deuterium excess. The capacity of theoretical isotopic, regional, and general circulation atmospheric models (including “isotopic” models) to reproduce the observed features and assess the role of moisture advection in spatial deuterium excess fluctuations is analyzed.

Elevation changes in antarctica mainly determined by accumulation variability

Antarctic Ice Sheet elevation changes, which are used to estimate changes in the mass of the interior regions, are caused by variations in the depth of the firn layer. We quantified the effects of temperature and accumulation variability on firn layer thickness by simulating the 1980–2004 Antarctic firn depth variability. For most of Antarctica, the magnitudes of firn depth changes were comparable to those of observed ice sheet elevation changes. The current satellite observational period (∼15 years) is too short to neglect these fluctuations in firn depth when computing recent ice sheet mass changes. The amount of surface lowering in the Amundsen Sea Embayment revealed by satellite radar altimetry (1995–2003) was increased by including firn depth fluctuations, while a large area of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet slowly grew as a result of increased accumulation.

Geodetic measurements of vertical crustal velocity in West Antarctica and the implications for ice mass balance

We present preliminary geodetic estimates for vertical bedrock velocity at twelve survey GPS stations in the West Antarctic GPS Network, an additional survey station in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, and eleven continuous GPS stations distributed across the continent. The spatial pattern of these velocities is not consistent with any postglacial rebound (PGR) model known to us. Four leading PGR models appear to be overpredicting uplift rates in the Transantarctic Mountains and West Antarctica and underpredicting them in the peninsula north of 65°. This discrepancy cannot be explained in terms of an elastic response to modern ice loss (except, perhaps, in part of the peninsula). Therefore, our initial geodetic results suggest that most GRACE ice mass rate estimates, which are critically dependent on a PGR correction, are systematically biased and are overpredicting ice loss for the continent as a whole.

Modeling the isotopic composition of Antarctic snow using backward trajectories: Simulation of snow pit records

[1] The quantitative interpretation of isotope records (d 18 O, dD, and d excess) in ice cores can benefit from a comparison of observed meteorology with associated isotope variability. For this reason we studied four isotope records from snow pits in western Dronning Maud Land (DML), Antarctica, covering the period 1998–2001. Timing and magnitude of snowfall events on these locations were monitored using sonic height rangers. For the distinguished snowfall events we evaluated the isotopic composition of the moisture during transport by combining backward trajectory calculations with isotopic modeling, using a Rayleigh-type distillation model (MCIM). The initial isotope ratio of the moisture was determined frommonthlymeanisotopefields fromageneralcirculation model(ECHAM4). The trajectory analysis showed that the southern Atlantic Ocean is the major moisture sourceforprecipitationinDML.Modelingresultsalongthetrajectoriesrevealedthatmostof the isotopic depletion occurred during the last day of the transport. Finally, a diffusion model was applied to describe the diffusion in the firn layer such that the modeled isotopes couldbecomparedwiththeobservedisotoperecords.Theresultingmodeledisotopeprofiles were mostly in good agreement with the observed seasonal variability in the snow. However, at low temperatures (especially on the Antarctic interior), magnitude of the total distillation was underestimated. Regarding the d excess parameter, our results show a large influence of advection height on the final value of d excess in precipitation. This in turn points to the importance of the vertical structure of d excess over the oceanic source region, which obscures the classical interpretation of this parameter in terms of temperature and relative humidity in the moisture source region.

The Isotopic Composition of Present-Day Antarctic Snow in a Lagrangian Atmospheric Simulation*

The isotopic composition of present-day Antarctic snow is simulated for the period September 1980– August 2002 using a Rayleigh-type isotope distillation model in combination with backward trajectory calculations with 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data as meteorological input. Observed spatial isotopic gradients are correctly reproduced, especially in West Antarctica and in the coastal areas. However, isotopic depletion of snow on the East Antarctic plateau is underestimated, a problem that is also observed in general circulation models equipped with isotope tracers. The spatial isotope–temperature relation varies strongly, which indicates that this widely used relation is not applicable to all sites and temporal scales. Spatial differences in the seasonal amplitude are identified, with maximum values in the Antarctic interior and hardly any seasonal isotope signature in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica. The modeled signature of deuterium excess remains largely preserved during the last phase of transport, though the simulated relation of deuterium excess with 18 O suggests that parameterizations of kinetic isotopic fractionation can be improved.

Modelling the isotopic composition of snow using backward trajectories: a particular precipitation event in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

Abstract We consider a specific accumulation event that occurred in January 2002 in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Snow samples were obtained a few days after accumulation. We combine meteorological analyses and isotopic modelling to describe the isotopic composition of moisture during transport. Backward trajectories were calculated, based on European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational archive data so that the history of the air parcels transporting water vapour to the accumulation site could be reconstructed. This trajectory study showed that the air masses were not (super)saturated along most of the transport path, which is in contrast with assumptions in Lagrangian fractionation models and probably true for most precipitation events in Antarctica. The modelled fractionation along the trajectories was too limited to explain the measured isotopic content of the snow. It is shown that the observed isotopic composition of precipitation resulted from fractionation of initially more depleted water. This lower initial isotopic composition of water vapour might result from atmospheric mixing with more depleted air along the trajectory or from earlier condensation cycles, not captured by the trajectories. This is in accordance with isotope fields resulting from general circulation models, indicating a gradient in isotopic composition from the Equator to Antarctica.

Strong-wind events and their impact on the near-surface climate at Kohnen Station on the Antarctic Plateau

Abstract Strong-wind events occur 10–20 times per year at Kohnen Station, East Antarctica (75°00′S, 0°04′E, 2892 m above sea level), and are often caused by warm-core cyclones in the north-eastern Weddell Sea. An uncommon event occurred in January 2002, when blocking both in the south Atlantic Ocean and in the south Tasman Sea caused a split-up of the circumpolar vortex, and large amounts of heat and moisture were transported onto the Antarctic Plateau. During strong-wind events over the plateau the near-surface temperature can increase by tens of degrees, which is partly caused by the advection of heat, but for an important part by the destruction of the stable temperature-deficit layer by enhanced vertical mixing. The temperature rise is larger during the winter/night than during the summer/day, due to a better-developed temperature deficit. Snowdrift during the January 2002 event linearly increased surface roughness for momentum with friction velocity, for values over about 0.18 m s-1. The cloud cover during the event reduced down-welling solar radiation by 32%, and increased the albedo from about 0.86 to 0.92. Changes in longwave radiation largely cancelled the daytime changes in shortwave radiation, thus net radiation was most affected at night.

Using high-resolution tritium profiles to quantify the effects of melt on two Spitsbergen ice cores

Ice cores from small ice caps provide valuable climatic information, additional to that of Greenland and Antarctica. However, their integrity is usually compromised by summer meltwater percolation. ...

Evaluation of GRACE and ICESat Mass Change Estimates Over Antarctica

The goal of this study is to examine some of the many corrections and processing strategies that can have a significant influence on the ice mass change estimates computed from GRACE and ICESat mission data. These two missions, when combined, have the potential to generate new insights into the mass balance and geophysical processes of regions such as Antarctica, where such quantities are currently not well understood. Key to this combination is the identification of the major sources of uncertainty in the data processing. For the ICESat data, this includes an analysis into the calculation of the campaign biases, assumptions regarding the firn density, and a comparison between height rates derived from crossover and repeat track analysis. For the GRACE data, the focus will be on the impact of various GIA models and other a priori input values (i.e., C 20, geocenter motion, etc.). Comparisons with the latest data releases for both missions will be presented for the 4 year period spanning from October 2003 to October 2007. Recommendations for future work will also be discussed.

GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF DEBRIS FANS IN THE DU TOIT'S KLOOF, WESTERN CAPE MOUNTAINS

ABSTRACT Two debris fans in Du Toits Kloof are investigated by means of geomorphological mapping and relative-age dating (Schmidt hammer, lichen cover and weathering rinds) of their deposits. Both fans mostly consist of debris flow deposits, with minor indications of flooding. Volume estimation and relative-age dating show four phases of debris flow activity, with a progressive decrease in magnitude of flow events. Relative-age dating techniques, however, are restricted in the maximum ages that can be determined. A high proportion of very large events (>104m) is associated with late Pleistocene periglacial conditions, but requires direct evidence by reliable dating. Fan stabilisation and incision occurred in response to reduced sediment storage in the catchment and increased slope stability during the Holocene. The data provide important new insights into footslope dynamics of the Western Cape Mountains for the Late Quaternary.