Michihiro Furusaka

DENSITY DEPENDENCE OF STRUCTURE OF SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE ALONG AN ISOTHERM

Neutron diffraction experiments for supercritical CO2 have been carried out over a wide range of Q (0.018≤Q≤30 A−1) at ρ*=ρ/ρc=1.5, 1.2, 0.77, and 0.34 along an isotherm at 310 K (T*=T/Tc=1.02). The measurement enabled us to obtain quantitatively reliable radial distribution functions of the fluid including both short‐ranged structure and long‐ranged density fluctuation. The structure factor and radial distribution function showed the structural change from the attraction‐predominant gaslike structure to the repulsion‐predominant liquidlike one with increasing fluid density. With respect to the long‐ranged structure, almost linear Ornstein–Zernike–Debye plots were obtained for S(Q) of the fluids at all densities. A plot of correlation length against reduced density seems to have a maximum at the critical density. A ratio, α(r), of the density fluctuation produced by the correlation within r to that to the infinity presented a new aspect of the density fluctuation. Molecular dynamics simulation has also be...

Late stage dynamics of phase separation processes of binary mixtures containing surfactants

Late stage dynamics of phase separation processes of immiscible binary mixtures containing surfactants (amphiphilic molecules) is investigated by computer simulations on the hybrid model proposed by the present authors [T. Kawakatsu and K. Kawasaki, Physica A 167, 690 (1990)]. With use of this hybrid model, one can investigate large scale phenomena while retaining the intramolecular structures of surfactant molecules. Simulations are performed both for irregular bicontinuous and micellar domain formation processes taking the thermal fluctuation effects into account. In the very late stage, the coarsening of the domain structures is considerably slowed down both for bicontinuous and micellar domain formation processes due to the low interfacial tension of the surfactant–adsorbed interfaces. Scaled scattering structure functions are also calculated, which possess the characteristic features of the experimentally observed scattering functions of microemulsions and polymer blends containing amphiphilic block ...

A new TOF neutron powder diffractometer with arrays of one-dimensional PSD's

A new time-of-flight neutron powder diffractometer, VEGA, with three banks of one-dimensional position-sensitive detectors has been constructed and is now being commissioned at KENS. The design and performance are briefly described together with some initial experimental results.

Floating zone growth and scintillation characteristics of cerium-doped gadolinium pyrosilicate single crystals

Growth of cerium-doped gadolinium pyrosilicate (Gd₂Si₂O₇:Ce) single crystals, which show 2.5 times greater light output for gamma-rays and five times greater light output for alpha particles than GSO single crystals, is accomplished using floating zone growth method (FZ method). Although growth of Gd₂Si₂O₇ (GPS) single crystal is considered to be difficult because it melts incongruently according to the phase diagram in a Gd₂O₃-SiO₂ system, we attempted crystal growth of Ce:GPS because the possibility exists that heavy Ce doping changes the phase diagram. Transparent single crystals were obtained, but cracks were observed in the crystals. The crystal structure was triclinic with space group P_/1 and density of 5.5 g/cm³. Two peaks were observed by photoluminescence spectrum measurement at 374 nm and 394 nm caused by 5d-4f transition in Ce³⁺ ion. Decay times of Ce:GPS were 46 ns for gamma-ray and 39 ns for alpha particles; its density was 5.5 g/cm³. We consider that the energy resolution of 23% will be improved by fabrication of large crystals and improvement of crystal perfectability.

The Time-of-Flight Small-Angle Scattering Spectrometer SAN at the KENS Pulsed Cold Neutron Source

This paper describes the configuration and performance of a new time-of-flight (TOF) small-angle neutron scattering spectrometer SAN installed at the pulsed cold neutron source (KENS) at the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK). The spectrometer has advantages over conventional smallangle scattering apparatus: one is its capability for simultaneous measurements over a wide Q range (0.003<Q<4A -1) and another is the new information that it provides by exploiting the wavelength dependence of the scattering. For example, the inelastic and elastic scattering can be separated without performing an energy analysis. The design principles of this type of spectrometer are also discussed.

Phase Separation Process in FeCr Alloys Studied by Neutron Small Angle Scattering

The very early stage as well as late stage of phase separation process in FeCr alloys (Fe-20, 30, 40, 60 at%Cr) have been studied by pulsed cold neutron small angle scattering instrument (SAN). At the early stage, scattering intensity I ( q ) obeys q -2 dependence at the high q side of the scattering function. The results are in accord with the theory of Langer et al. which takes into account nonlinear and thermal fluctuations effects. At the late stage where I ( q ) shows q -4 dependence, a dynamical scaling law holds, while it is not the case for the earlier stage. Phase diagram of FeCr system is also determined by critical scattering measurements.

A neutron scattering study of the structure of supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract The structure factor S(Q) of supercritical carbon dioxide has been measured over a wide range of the scattering vector Q (0.018–30 A−1) using two neutron apparatuses. The measured S(Q) has been Fourier transformed into the neutron weighted radial distribution function, GN(r). This measurement enables us to analyze the short-range and long-range structures simultaneously in the supercritical fluid.

Small angle neutron scattering study on the salt-induced phase separation of 1-propanol aqueous solution

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements have been carried out over a wide range of Q from 0.003 to 7 A−1 on the 1-propanol-water solution with KCl and that without KCl in relation to the salt-induced reentrant phase-separation phenomena. The Q dependence of the SANS intensity for both solutions is characterized by the same fractal structure with the fractal dimension df of 1.9. The only difference between the two solutions is the value of correlation length ξ. In the solution without KCl the value of ξ is rather small, ranging from 7.4 to 6.2 A depending on temperature, while in the solution with KCl it becomes very large, from 48 to 355 A or more depending on temperature, and diverges toward the phase-separation temperatures in a similar way for both the upper and lower one-phase regions. No significant differences have been found on the growing structure of fluctuation in the upper and lower one-phase regions.

R&D of a MW-class solid-target for a spallation neutron source

Abstract R&D for a MW-class solid target composed of tungsten was undertaken to produce a pulsed intense neutron source for a future neutron scattering-facility. In order to solve the corrosion of tungsten, tungsten target blocks were clad with tantalum by means of HIP’ing, brazing and electrolytic coating in a molten salt bath. The applicability of the HIP’ing method was tested through fabricating target blocks for KENS (spallation neutron source at KEK). A further investigation to certify the optimum HIP conditions was made with the small punch test method. The results showed that the optimum temperature was 1500 °C at which the W/Ta interface gave the strongest fracture strength. In the case of the block with a hole for thermocouple, it was found that the fabrication preciseness of a straight hole and a tantalum sheath influenced the results. The development of a tungsten stainless-steel alloy was tried to produce a bare tungsten target, using techniques in powder metallurgy. Corrosion tests for various tungsten alloys were made while varying the water temperature and velocity. The mass loss of tungsten in very slow water at 180 °C was as low as 0.022 mg/y, but increased remarkably with water velocity. Simulation experiments for radiation damage to supplement the STIP-III experiments were made to investigate material hardening by hydrogen and helium, and microstructures irradiated by electrons. Both experiments showed consistent results on the order of the dislocation numbers and irradiation hardness among the different tungsten materials. Thermal-hydraulic designs were made for two types of solid target system of tungsten: slab and rod geometry as a function of the proton beam power. The neutronic performance of a solid target system was compared with that of mercury target based on Monte Carlo calculations by using the MCNP code.

Scintillation Characteristics of

Cerium-doped gadolinium pyrosilicate single crystals Ce:Gd2Si2O7 (Ce:GPS) with various Ce concentrations of 2.5-30 mol% with respect to the total rare-earth sites were prepared by the floating zone method. Their scintillation performances were investigated under irradiation of gamma rays of 137Cs. The Ce concentration dependence of scintillation characteristics and high-performance scintillation characteristics were obtained: 3-6 times greater light output than that of BGO single crystals, rapid decay, and good energy resolutions of 5.1-8.4%. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction patterns of Ce:GPS revealed Ce concentration dependence of the crystal structure of Ce:GPS.