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Featured researches published by Miguel Gómez.


Revista Chilena de Historia Natural | 2004

Fire regimes and vegetation responses in two Mediterranean-climate regions

Gloria Montenegro; Rosanna Ginocchio; Alejandro Segura; John E. Keely; Miguel Gómez

Los incendios forestales originados por tormentas estivales son una caracteristica comun en la mayoria de las regiones con clima Mediterraneo, tal como el sur de California, y han jugado un rol importante en la ecologia y evolucion de su flora. Las regiones con clima Mediterraneo han sido, ademas, centros importantes para el establecimiento de poblaciones humanas, las que al alterar los regimenes de incendios podrian producir efectos negativos importantes en este tipo de formaciones vegetales. Sin embargo, los efectos antropicos sobre el regimen de incendios podrian tener impactos distintos en ecosistemas Mediterraneos cuya vegetacion ha evolucionado naturalmente con este tipo de perturbacion. Asi, en este trabajo comparamos los regimenes de incendios y la capacidad de respuesta de la vegetacion de dos regiones con clima Mediterraneo que han tenido historias distintas en cuanto a la ocurrencia natural de incendios forestales y de ocupacion humana, tales como la zona central de Chile (matorral) y el sur de California (chaparral). En Chile, casi todos los incendios forestales son el resultado de actividades antropicas, mientras que en California los incendios producidos por el hombre se suman a los producidos por tormentas estivales. En ambas regiones, los incendios son mas frecuentes en verano debido a la acumulacion de biomasa vegetal seca altamente combustible. El hombre ha incrementado significativamente la frecuencia de incendios tanto en el matorral como en el chaparral en las ultimas decadas, pero la extension de los incendios no se ha incrementado en forma importante, probablemente debido a mejores sistemas de supresion del fuego y a la menor acumulacion de biomasa vegetal seca por el aumento de la fragmentacion del paisaje con desarrollos urbanos y agricolas con menor potencial de combustion. Como se esperaba, las respuestas de regeneracion de las plantas despues de los incendios son distintas en el matorral y en el chaparral. Las plantas del matorral muestran un rango de respuestas regenerativas mayor, las que van desde el rebrote basal, al rebrote desde el lignotuber y a la germinacion y floracion estimuladas por el fuego, con estimulos fuego-especificos tales como shock termico, quimicos presentes en el humo y en la madera quemada. Las plantas del matorral tienen cierta capacidad de regeneracion despues del fuego, pero estas probablemente evolucionaron como consecuencia de otras presiones ambientales, tales como las severas y largas sequias de verano, la herbivoria y el volcanismo. Aunque ambos ecosistemas de tipo Mediterraneo han mostrado ser resistentes a los incendios de origen antropico, el marcado aumento en la frecuencia de estos puede constituir un aspecto muy importante de considerar, ya que puede resultar en efectos negativos importantes tanto en los patrones sucesionales como en la diversidad vegetal


Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture | 2014

Anthocyanin profiling of wild maqui berries (Aristotelia chilensis [Mol.] Stuntz) from different geographical regions in Chile

Carolina Fredes; Gad G. Yousef; Paz Robert; Mary H. Grace; Mary Ann Lila; Miguel Gómez; Marlene Gebauer; Gloria Montenegro

BACKGROUND Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) is a Chilean species which produces small berries that are collected from the wild. Anthocyanins, because of their health benefits, are the major focus of interest in maqui fruit. For this study, we examined anthocyanin and phenolic content of maqui fruits from individuals that belonged to four geographical areas in Chile, and used DNA marker analysis to examine the genetic variability of maqui populations that had distinctly different fruit anthocyanin content. RESULTS Twelve primers generated a total of 145 polymorphic inter simple sequence repeat-polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) bands. ISSR-PCR showed different banding patterns for the individuals evaluated, confirming that maqui populations belonged to different genotypes. Maqui fruit from four different geographical regions during two consecutive growing seasons showed high total anthocyanin (6.6-15.0 g cy-3-glu kg⁻¹ fresh weight (FW)) and phenolic (10.7-20.5 g GAE kg⁻¹ FW) contents and different anthocyanin profiles. CONCLUSION Three maqui genotypes exhibited significantly higher anthocyanin content than the others, as measured by pH differential method and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Significant genetic diversity was noted within each ecological population. ISSR-PCR analysis provided a fingerprinting approach applicable for differentiation of maqui genotypes.


Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research | 2012

POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF MAQUI ( Aristoteliachilensis [MOLINA] STUNTZ) DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION INCENTRAL CHILE

Carolina Fredes; Gloria Montenegro; Juan Pablo Zoffoli; Miguel Gómez; Paz Robert

Maqui ( Aristotelia chilensis [Molina] Stuntz, Elaeocarpaceae) is a Chilean native species which produces small berries that are mainly collected from the wild. The health benefits of maqui fruit are attributed to their high polyphenol content as well as their wide variety of anthocyanins and flavonols. One of the main factors that affect the polyphenol content in fruit is the maturity stage at harvest. The objective of this study was to determine total phenol and total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity (by ferric reducing ability of plasma [FRAP] assay) of maqui fruits harvested at different fruit maturity stages from two wild populations located in Central Chile. Each maturity stage was determined by days from fruit set, berry size, and soluble solids. Total phenol content declined while total anthocyanin content increased from the green to light red stage. Nevertheless, both total phenol and anthocyanin content increased from the light red to dark purple stage. The highest anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity was found in the late maturity stage (dark purple). The results show that ripening in maqui fruit can be expected with 1100 growing degree-days (91 d after fruit set) in Central Chile. At this moment of harvest, fruits with 18-19° Brix have the highest anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity (FRAP). This study constitutes the first advances in the understanding of maqui fruit ripening and corresponding antioxidant activity.


Ciencia E Investigacion Agraria | 2008

Implementation de un panel sensorial para mieles chilenas

Gloria Montenegro; Miguel Gómez; Rodrigo Pizarro; Gerard Casaubon; Raúl C. Peña

La evaluacion sensorial de los alimentos permite establecer la calidad de los productos desde el punto de vista de sus atributos. La miel no escapa a esta evaluacion y el analisis sensorial de aromas de miel se utiliza en Europa desde hace varios anos y se ha comenzado a efectuar en algunos paises sudamericanos como Uruguay y Argentina. Sin embargo, actualmente no se practica en Chile. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue lograr una primera aproximacion al analisis sensorial de mieles en Chile. Esto se realizo preparando un panel de evaluacion sensorial. Hubo catorce sesiones de entrenamiento, orientadas a desarrollar la capacidad de reconocimiento de estandares aromaticos y el poder discriminatorio de muestras de miel utilizando distintos descriptores aromaticos. Al termino de este periodo de entrenamiento el panel estuvo en condiciones de realizar la evaluacion formal mediante el metodo de analisis descriptivo cuantitativo (QDA). Posteriormente se realizo un analisis de componentes principales con los descriptores, lo que permitio confeccionar un mapa sensorial de las muestras de mieles y elaborar el perfil de las mismas. El analisis establecio perfiles aromaticos particulares para cada muestra, destacando por sus caracteristicas sensoriales mas disimiles las mieles monoflorales de quillay (Quillaja saponaria), ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia) y corontillo (Escallonia pulverulenta). Los resultados de este panel sensorial representan un primer logro para la implementacion de estrategias de largo plazo que permitan tener herramientas objetivas para la caracterizacion aromatica de mieles chilenas


Ciencia E Investigacion Agraria | 2008

Aplicación de la Norma Chilena Oficial de denominación de origen botánico de la miel para la caracterización de la producción apícola

Gloria Montenegro; Miguel Gómez; Javiera Díaz-Forestier; Rodrigo Pizarro

AbstractG. Montenegro, M. Gomez, J. Diaz-Foriester, and R. Pizarro. 2008. Application of the Chilean Of fi cial Standard to desi gnate the botanical ori gins of honey for the characterization of the apicultural production. Cien. Inv. Agr. 35(2):181-190. Chilean apicultural production is characterized by a great variety of honey types with a high percentage of nectar from native plant species. The proportion of nectar from native plants associated with the high endemism of the Chilean fl ora results in the production of hone ys with special characteristics. Approximatel y 95% of the honey produced in Chile is exported in bulk without added value and accounts for 1% of the world honey trade. The differentiation of Chilean honeys on the basis of their particular biological origins represents one way to improve their competitive value on the international market. The application of a traceability system and the establishment of the Chilean standard (NCh2881.Of2005), which determines the botanical origin of a given honey by a melissopalynological test, represent two important advances toward differentiation. In order to determine the botanical and geographical characteristics of Chilean honey, 240 honey samples from two consecutive harvesting seasons were studied using the recently approved norm. The results demonstrate that there are two main areas of production. The fi rst area has a Mediterranean climate (Chile’s Central zone, 30o to 36o S). The honeys produced there are endemic unifl oral and native multifl oral, and they represent diverse species. The second area transitions to a humid temperate climate (Central South zone of Chile 36o to 43o S), and the honey produced there includes native and non-native unifl oral and native multifl oral varieties with restricted botanical diversity.


Archive | 2003

Regeneration Potential of Chilean Matorral After Fire: An Updated View

Gloria Montenegro; Miguel Gómez; Francisca Díaz; Rosanna Ginocchio

At a global scale it is attractive to assume that global warming would have highly similar effects on ecosystem structure and function in the five regions of Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Indeed, the similarity of these ecosystems is commonly attributed to the similarity of their climates, and it is not unreasonable to assume that similar patterns of climate change will lead to similar ecological changes in these ecosystems. However, the comparison in this chapter of Chilean matorral and Californian chaparral demonstrates the importance of fine-scale differences in the plant adaptations and history of human impact that are likely to affect future responses to climate change. Differences in the role of fire in the regeneration ecology of these two regions are likely to result insignificantly different outcomes of climatically induced ecological change.


Phytochemistry | 1998

Gibberellic acid stimulation of isoperoxidase from pedicel of grape

Francisco J. Pérez; Miguel Gómez

Abstract Soluble peroxidase activity from pedicels of cv. Thompson seedless grape was highly stimulated by post-bloom gibberellic acid (GA3) applications to vines. This stimulation was dependent on the dose employed and increased with berry ripening. In control vines, i.e. non GA3 treated, the level of peroxidase activity remained constant during berry ripening. Isoelectrofocusing (IEF) analysis of soluble peroxidases from pedicel extracts performed in a 3–10 pH range, showed the presence of a main band that corresponded to an acidic isoperoxidase of (pI 3.5) and the presence of a minor band of (pI 3.9). It is a well-known fact that GA3 applications to cv. Thompson seedless grape beside producing berry enlargement cause berry-drop which has been associated with pedicel thickening. Here we found a positive correlation between pedicel thickness and peroxidase activity within the rates of GA3 used. The involvement of the acidic isoperoxidases in pedicel thickening and its relation to berry-drop are discussed.


Phytochemistry | 1999

Pentacyclic triterpenes from Chuquiraga ulicina

Melissa L. Flagg; Susanne Valcic; Gloria Montenegro; Miguel Gómez; Barbara N. Timmermann

Four taraxastane triterpenes, 3 beta-acetoxy-6 beta-hydroxytaraxasta-20-ene, 6 beta-hydroxytaraxasta-20-en-3-one, 6 beta-hydroxytaraxasta-20-ene 3 beta-palmitate and 3 beta,6 beta-dihydroxytaraxasta-20-ene were isolated from the dichloromethane-methanol extract of Chuquiraga ulicina ssp. ulicina together with the known triterpenes lupeol, lupenyl acetate, lupenone, friedelinol, 3 beta-acetoxy-30-nor-lupan-20-one, and 30-nor-lupan-3 beta-ol-20-one.


Archive | 2003

Theoretical models for regeneration of medicinal plants and their application in sustainable wild-harvesting.

Gloria Montenegro; Miguel Gómez; A.M Mujica; Barbara N. Timmermann

Mediterranean-type ecosystems, such as Central Chile, the Mediterranean Basin, California, South Africa and Southwestern Australia are some of the 25 biodiversity hotspots on earth, selected because of their high plant diversity and endemism. These ecosystems represent 20 percent of the world ’s flora in only 5 percent of the earth’s surface (Cowling et al. 1996). The risk to their flora from an increase in population density is another reason for their selection as hotspots (Cincotta et al. 2000).


Chungara | 2001

DETERMINACIÓN TAXONÓMICA DE FRAGMENTOS DE MADERA DE CONTEXTO FUNERARIO DE LA CULTURA CHINCHORRO

Eliana Belmonte; Elizabeth Bastías; Miguel Gómez; A.M Mujica; Gloria Montenegro

Los aborigenes costeros del sur peruano y norte de Chile desarrollaron la cultura Chinchorro y alcanzaron su apogeo hacia el 3.000 A.C; se reconocen actualmente como el grupo humano mas antiguo que practico la momificacion artificial. Esta practica consistia en la evisceracion y tratamiento intensivo del cuerpo, reemplazando o reforzando los huesos por armazones de madera a objeto de afirmar el esqueleto. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue otorgar filiacion taxonomica a maderos utilizados en la practica de momificacion y en la confeccion de algunos implementos de pesca y labranza seleccionados del ajuar funerario, sobre la base de la comparacion de caracteres anatomicos de la madera. El material arqueologico utilizado provino de troncos de cuerpos adultos y de un neonato, asi como de implementos de pesca y de labranza como arpones, asa de un chinguillo y mango de herramienta, respectivamente, de los sitios Morro-1 (Mo-1), Maderas Enco (ME), Maestranza Chinchorro (MCh) y Playa Miller 3 (PLM-3), Arica. Para efectos comparativos se construyo una coleccion de referencia con especimenes de doble origen: i). plantas lenosas actuales de valles costeros del extremo norte de Chile, proximos a los sitios arqueologicos estudiados e ii). implementos del ajuar funerario confeccionados en madera y pertenecientes a sitios precolombinos. Los resultados muestran accion antropica en los maderos utilizados como refuerzo de esqueleto; el trabajo previo consistio en eliminar toda la corteza y dejar solo xilema, a diferencia de la madera utilizada en la confeccion de algunos implementos de pesca y labranza, que no presento evidencias de trabajo previo. Schinus molle (pimiento), Anacardiaceae, fue identificada como fuente de madera en la confeccion del asa de un chinguillo (Mo-1) y de un arpon (PLM-3); posiblemente tambien se uso como refuerzo del tronco de un neonato (MCh/C4)

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Gloria Montenegro

Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

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A.M Mujica

Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

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Rodrigo Pizarro

Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

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Raúl C. Peña

Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

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Gerard Casaubon

Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

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Iván Peña

Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

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Javiera Díaz-Forestier

Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

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Rosanna Ginocchio

Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

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A Belancic

Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

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