Miguel Teubal

Rise and Collapse of Neoliberalism in Argentina

The present crisis in Argentina, the worst crisis in Argentine history that reached rock-bottom levels in 2001-2, can be considered a crisis of neoliberalism, particularly of the severe structural adjustments applied in the 1990s and the beginning of the new millennium under the Menem and De la Rúa administrations. It was in this period that wholesale privatizations, deregulations of all kinds including those tending to the fully-fledged ‘flexibilization’ of labor markets, and an indiscriminate ‘opening’ to the world economy took place. This was also the period in which the foreign debt continued, increasing substantially until the recent default became inevitable. This article analyzes the way economic policy systematically favored the various large economic conglomerates operating in Argentina. In agro-industry, petroleum, telecommunication, electricity, water, and banking, both large national and transnational conglomerates were favored by measures related to structural adjustment programs of successive governments. In the midst of the present crisis these large conglomerates or grupos económicos are once again showing their muscle, pressuring the government to pay the foreign debt, increase public rates, compensate the banks for their losses due to capital flight, etc. In effect, the crisis itself shows the bare anatomy of the economic structure in which these large conglomerates reign supreme while being increasingly contested by numerous popular organizations of civil society.

Agrarian Reform and Social Movements in the Age of Globalization Latin America at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century

Although the implementation of neoliberalism would appear to have ended agrarian reform in Latin America, the problem of land distribution remains as serious as ever. New agrarian and peasant social movements are emerging that involve not just the landless but the excluded, the marginalized, and the unemployed, whether rural or urban. While they focus on resistance to the industrial agrarian model promoted by the trans-national corporations, their concerns extend to a number of democratic issues. They are more autonomous than those of the past, and they do not necessarily see power as a prerequisite for social transformation. They tend to ally themselves with antiglobalization and environmentalist movements in calling for food security and food sovereignty on a global scale.