Miklós Kásler

Accelerated partial-breast irradiation using high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy: 12-year update of a prospective clinical study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To report the 12-year updated results of accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI) using multicatheter interstitial high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy (BT). PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-five prospectively selected patients with T1N0-N1mi, nonlobular breast cancer without the presence of an extensive intraductal component and with negative surgical margins were treated with APBI after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) using interstitial HDR BT. A total dose of 30.3 Gy (n=8) and 36.4 Gy (n=37) in seven fractions within 4 days was delivered to the tumour bed plus a 1-2 cm margin. The median follow-up time was 133 months for surviving patients. Local and regional control, disease-free (DFS), cancer-specific (CSS), and overall survival (OS), as well as late side effects, and cosmetic results were assessed. RESULTS Four (8.9%) ipsilateral breast tumour recurrences were observed, for a 5-, 10-, and 12-year actuarial rate of 4.4%, 9.3%, and 9.3%, respectively. A total of two regional nodal failures were observed for a 12-year actuarial rate of 4.4%. The 12-year DFS, CSS, and OS was 75.3%, 91.1%, and 88.9%, respectively. Grade 3 fibrosis was observed in one patient (2.2%). No patient developed grade 3 teleangiectasia. Fat necrosis requiring surgical intervention occurred in one woman (2.2%). Cosmetic results were rated excellent or good in 35 patients (77.8%). CONCLUSIONS Twelve-year results with APBI using HDR multicatheter interstitial implants continue to demonstrate excellent long-term local tumour control, survival, and cosmetic results with a low-rate of late side effects.

Electron and high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost in the conservative treatment of stage I-II breast cancer: First results of the randomized Budapest boost trial

Background and Aims: To evaluate the effect of electron and high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR BT) boost on local tumor control (LTC), side effects and cosmesis after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) in a prospective randomized study. Patients and Methods: 207 women with stage I–II breast cancer who underwent BCS were treated by 50 Gy irradiation to the whole breast and then randomly assigned to receive either a boost to the tumor bed (n = 104) or no further radiotherapy (n = 103). Boost treatments consisted of either 16 Gy electron irradiation (n = 52) or 12–14,25 Gy HDR BT (n = 52). Breast cancer-related events, side effects, and cosmetic results were assessed. Results: At a median follow-up of 5.3 years, the crude rate of local recurrences was 6.7% (7/104) with and 15.5% (16/103) without boost. The 5-year probability of LTC, relapse-free survival (RFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was 92.7% vs. 84.9% (p = 0.049), 76.6% vs. 66.2% (p = 0.044), and 90.4% vs. 82.1% (p = 0.053), respectively. There was no significant difference in LTC between patients treated with electron or HDR BT boost (94.2% vs. 91.4%; p = 0.74). On multivariate analysis, patient age < 40 years (RR: 4.53), positive margin status (RR: 4.17), and high mitotic activity index (RR: 3.60) were found to be significant risk factors for local recurrence. The incidence of grade 2–3 side effects was higher in the boost arm (17.3% vs. 7.8%; p = 0.03). However, the rate of excellent/good cosmetic results was similar for the two arms (85.6% vs 91.3%; p = 0.14). Cosmesis was rated as excellent/good in 88.5% of patients treated with HDR BT and 82.7% of patients with electron boost (p = 0.29). Conclusions: Boost dose significantly improves LTC and RFS in patients treated with BCS and radiotherapy. In spite of the higher incidence of late side effects in the boost arm, boost dose is strongly recommended for patients at high risk for local recurrence. Positive or close margin status, high mitotic activity index, and young patient age should be viewed as absolute indications for tumor bed boost. LTC and cosmesis are excellent and similar to patients boosted with either HDR BT or electrons.Hintergrund und Ziel: In einer prospektiv randomisierten Studie werden die Effekte eines Elektronenboosts und eines High-Dose-Rate-Brachytherapie-(HDR-BT-)Boosts bezüglich lokaler Tumorkontrolle (LTC), Nebenwirkungen und kosmetischer Ergebnisse nach brusterhaltender Operation (BCS) evaluiert. Patienten und Methodik: 207 Patientinnen mit Brustkarzinomen im Stadium I–II wurden einer BCS zugeführt. Postoperativ erfolgte eine perkutane Radiatio der gesamten Brust bis 50 Gy. Daran schloss sich willkürlich entweder eine Boostbestrahlung des Tumorbetts (n = 104) oder keine weitere Radiatio (n = 103) an. Die Boostbestrahlung erfolgte perkutan mit 16 Gy Elektronen (n = 52) oder in Form einer HDR-BT mit 12–14,25 By (n = 52). Untersucht wurden LTC, Nebenwirkungen und kosmetische Ergebnisse. Ergebnisse: Die mediane Nachbeobachtungszeit betrug 5,3 Jahre. Die Lokalrezidivrate lag mit Boostbestrahlung bei 6,7% (7/104), ohne Boost bei 15,5% (16/103). Die 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate für LTC, für die rezidivfreie Überlebenszeit (RFS) und für die krebsspezifische Überlebenszeit (CSS) betrugen 92,7% vs. 84,9% (p = 0,049), 76,6% vs. 66,2% (p = 0,044) und 90,4% vs. 82,1% (p = 0,053). Bezüglich der LTC bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Patienten, die mit einem Elektronen- oder HDR-BT-Boost behandelt wurden (94,2% vs. 91,4

Radiotherapy confined to the tumor bed following breast conserving surgery: Current status, controversies, and future prospects

; p = 0,74). Die multivariate Analyse zeigte, dass Faktoren wie Patientenalter > 40 Jahre (RR: 4,53), positive Resektionsränder (RR: 4,17) und ein hoher Mitoseaktivitätsindex (RR: 3.60) das Risiko eines lokalen Rezidivs signifikant erhöhen. Die Inzidenz von Nebenwirkungen Grad 2–3 war im Boost-Arm höher (17,3% vs. 7,8%; p = 0,03). Allerdings waren die sehr guten kosmetischen Ergebnisse in beiden Armen gleich (85,6% bs. 91,3%, p = 0,14). Sehr gute kosmetische Ergebnisse wurden bei 88,5% der Patientinnen mit HDR-BT-Boost und 82,7% der Patientinnen mit Elektronenboost erreicht (p = 0,29). Schlussfolgerungen: Die Boost-Dosis verbessert signifikant LTC und RFS bei Patientinnen, die einer BCS und anschließender Radiatio zugeführt wurden. Obwohl eine höhere Inzidenz an Spätnebenwirkungen im Boost-Arm gefunden wurde, wird eine Boost-Dosis für Patientinnen mit hohem Risiko für die Entwicklung eines Lokalrezidivs empfohlen. Unserer Meinung nach ist bei Faktoren wie positive Schnittränder, schmaler Sicherheitssaum, hoher Mitoseaktivitätsindex und niedriges Patientenalter, die absolute Indikation zur Boost-Bestrahlung des Tumorbetts gegeben. LTC und die kosmetischen Ergebnisse sind sehr gut und unterscheiden sich nicht in Bezug auf Elektronenboost oder HDR-BT-Boost.

Progression of head and neck squamous cell cancer

Background: The standard technique of radiotherapy (RT) after breast conserving surgery (BCS) is to treat the entire breast up to a total dose of 45–50 Gy with or without tumor bed boost. The majority of local recurrences occur in close proximity to the tumor bed. Thus, the necessity of whole breast radiotherapy has been questioned, and several centers have evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of sole tumor bed irradiation. The aim of this study was to review the current status, controversies, and future prospects of tumor bed irradiation alone after breast conserving surgery. Material and Methods: Published prospective trials evaluating the feasibility and efficacy of radiotherapy confined to the tumor bed following breast conserving surgery were reviewed in order to analyze treatment results. Results: In three earlier studies, using tumor bed radiotherapy for unselected patients, the incidence of intra-breast relapse was reported in the range of 15.6–37%. However, in nine prospective phase I–II trials, sole brachytherapy (BT) with different dose rates, strict patient selection, and meticulous quality assurance, resulted in 95.6–100% local control rates. To date, only one phase III protocol has been intiated comparing the efficacy of tumor bed brachytherapy alone with conventional whole breast radiotherapy. The ideal extend of the planning target volume (PTV) for tumor bed radiotherapy alone has not been established yet. In most series, PTV was defined as the excision cavity with generous (1–3 cm) safety margins. Minimal requirement for PTV localization is the use of titanium clips to mark the walls of the excision cavity intraoperatively, but the combination of clip demarcation and three-dimensional (3-D) visual information obtained from cross-sectional images seems to be the best method to determine the target volume. 3-D virtual brachytherapy is also a promising method to minimize the chance of geographic miss. Recently developed techniques, such as intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT), as well as accelerated 3-D conformal external beam radiation therapy (3-D-CRT) were also found to be feasible for tumor bed radiotherapy alone. Conclusions: In spite of the existing arguments against limiting radiotherapy to the tumor bed after breast conserving surgery, results of phase I–II studies suggest that tumor bed radiotherapy alone might be an appropriate treatment option for selected breast cancer patients. Whole breast radiotherapy remains the standard radiation modality used in the treatment of breast cancer, and brachytherapy as the sole modality should be considered as investigational. Further phase-III trials are suggested to determine the equivalence of sole tumor bed radiotherapy, compared with whole breast radiotherapy. Preliminary results with recently developed techniques (CT-image based conformal brachytherapy, 3-D virtual brachytherapy, IORT, 3-D-CRT) are promising. However, more experience is required to define whether these methods might improve outcome for patients treated with tumor bed radiotherapy alone.Hintergrund: Die derzeitige Technik der Radiotherapie (RT) nach brusterhaltender Therapie (BET) ist die Bestrahlung der gesamten Mamma bis zu einer Gesamtdosis von 45–50 Gy mit oder ohne Boost-Bestrahlung des Tumorbetts. Die meisten lokalen Rezidive treten in unmittelbarer Nähe des Tumorbetts auf. Somit kann die Notwendigkeit einer Radiotherapie der gesamten Mamma in Frage gestellt werden. Die Anwendbarkeit und Wirksamkeit einer alleinigen Radiotherapie des Tumorbetts wurde bereits in mehreren Zentren untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist, die derzeitigen Behandlungsstrategien, Indikationen, technischen Aspekte sowie kontrovers geführte Debatten vorzustellen und neue Therapieansätze bzgl. einer alleinige Radiotherapie nach brusterhaltender Therapie vorzustellen. Patientengut und Methode: Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über publizierte prospektive Studien, welche die Wirksamkeit und die Anwendbarkeit der alleinigen Strahlentherapie des Tumorbetts nach brusterhaltender Operation untersuchen, und analysiert die Behandlungsergebnisse. Ergebnisse: In drei älteren Studien mit alleiniger Tumorbettbestrahlung bei nicht selektiertem Patientengut wurden die lokalen Rezidivraten mit 15,6–37% beschrieben. Allerdings konnten neun Institute über 95,6–100% lokale Kontrollraten berichten unter Anwendung alleiniger Brachytherapie (BT), verschiedener Dosisraten, strikter Patientenauswahl und minutiöser Qualitätssicherung. In unserem Institut in Budapest wurde mit einem Phase-III-Protokoll, das die Wirksamkeit einer alleinigen Radiotherapie des Tumorbetts mit der konventionellen Radiotherapie der ganzen Mamma vergleicht, begonnen. Definierte Parameter bzgl. des geplanten Zielvolumens (PTV) einer Radiotherapie des Tumorbetts existieren nicht, jedoch umschließt in den meisten Studien das PTV die Resektionshöhle mit einem Sicherheitsabstand von 1–3 cm. Die intraoperative Anwendung von Titanclips zur Darstellung der Resektionshöhle stellt die minimale Voraussetzung zur PTV-Lokalisierung dar. Jedoch ist die Kombination von Clipmarkierung und dreidimensionaler (3-D) Darstellung unter Zuhilfenahme von Schnittbildverfahren die beste Methode, um das PTV zu definieren. Auch bietet die virtuelle 3-D-Brachytherapie (3-D-BT) eine gute Möglichkeit, um Planungsfehler zu vermeiden. Bereits ausgereifte Techniken wie die intraoperative Radiotherapie (IORT) und die akzelerierte perkutane 3-D-konforme Radiotherapie (3-D-KRT) sind geeignet, um eine alleinige Tumorbettstrahlung zu gewährleisten. Schlussfolgerung: Trotz kontroverser Argumente bzgl. einer alleinigen Bestrahlung des Tumorbetts nach Brust erhaltender Therapie weisen Ergebnisse von Phase-I- und -II-Studien darauf hin, dass die alleinige Radiotherapie des Tumorbetts eine entsprechende Behandlungsoption für ein ausgewähltes Patientengut mit Mammakarzinom darstellen kann. Die Bestrahlung der gesamten Brust bleibt aber die Standardbehandlung im postoperativen Management nach brusterhaltender Therapie. Die Brachytherapie als alleinige Behandlungsmethode ist derzeit noch als experimentell zu bezeichnen. Weitere Phase-III-Studien sind erforderlich, umd die Gleichwertigkeit einer alleinigen Radiotherapie des Tumorbetts mit einer Bestrahlung der gesamten Brust zu untersuchen. Derzeitige Ergebnisse mit den bekannten Techniken (CT-gestützte konforme Brachytherapie, virtuelle 3-D-BT, IORT, 3-D-KRT) sind viel versprechend. Mehr klinische Erfahrung wird notwendig sein, um festzustellen, welche der aufgeführten Methoden letztendlich eine Verbesserung der Behandlungsergebnisse bei Brustkrebspatientinnen mit alleiniger Radiotherapie des Tumorbetts erzielt.

Human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer: Molecular biology and clinicopathological correlations

Squamous cell cancer in the head and neck region (HNSC) is unique concerning its progression since it remains locoregional for long time and visceral metastases develop only in a later stage of the disease. Accordingly, molecular markers of the local invasion and the lymphatic dissemination both have critical importance. HNSC progression is associated with deregulated control of cell proliferation and apoptosis but it seems equally significant the disregulation of the proteolytic machineries. Here we outline the lymphatic metastatic cascade for HNSC to depict key molecular determinants as possible prognostic factors or therapeutic targets identifying immunological selection as a major feature. Unlike in local spreading, invasive potential of cancer cells seems to be less significant during lymphatic dissemination due to the anatomical properties of the lymphatic vessels and tissues. There is a general believe that HNSC is one disease however, data indicate that the anatomical localization of the tumor (the “soil”) such as oral, lingual, glottic or pharyngeal has a significant effect on the gene expression profile and corresponding biological behavior of HNSC. Furthermore, even the endocrine milieu of the host was proved to be influential in modulating the progression of HNSC. Gene expression profiling techniques combined with proteomics could help to define and select usefull genetic and biomarkers of progression of HNSC, some of them could well be potential novel therapeutic target.

Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Modulates Intratumoral CD4/CD8 Ratio and Tumor Microenvironment: A Multicenter Phase II Clinical Trial

Human papillomaviruses are known to cause cancers of the cervix and other anogenital tract sites. Epidemiologic and molecular pathology studies have also suggested that HPV infection may be associated with cancers of the head and neck. Modes of transmission of HPV infection in the head and neck region have not been fully resolved; however, perinatal transmission and an association between sexual behavior and risk for HPV-positive cancers have been presented.Among the HPV types infecting the mucosa, high-risk, intermediate-risk and low-risk genotypes are defined, depending on their presence in carcinoma or precursor lesions. The phylogenic groups of HPVs also showed a definite correlation with the morphology of head and neck tumors. The groups A6, A7, and A9 include viruses that are frequently demonstrated in basaloid and verrucosus squamous cell carcinomas known to associate with HPV infection. Integration of HPV DNA into the host cell genome occurs early in cancer development and is an important event in malignant transformation.There is a trend for patients with HPV-positive tumors to be nondrinkers or light drinkers, the majority of these patients are females, and the median age is lower than in the case of HPV-negative tumors, but this latter difference was not always statistically significant. In the Kaplan-Meier survival model, the HPV-positive verrucous and basaloid squamous cell carcinomas showed better survival rates than the HPV-negative typical squamous cell carcinomas. An increased radiocurability of HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has also been demonstrated.

Recombinant Human Erythropoietin alpha Improves the Efficacy of Radiotherapy of a Human Tumor Xenograft, Affecting Tumor Cells and Microvessels

PURPOSE To investigate the clinicopathologic effects of local neoadjuvant Leukocyte Interleukin Injection (LI) regimen in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Treatment regimen included LI 800 IU/d as interleukin-2 (IL-2), administered half peritumorally and half perilymphatically five times per week for 3 weeks; low-dose cyclophosphamide; indomethacin; zinc; and multivitamins. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-nine patients diagnosed with T2-3N0-2M0 OSCC participated in the pathology portion of this phase II multicenter study (19 LI-treated patients and 20 historical controls). Clinical responses were determined by imaging. Paraffin-embedded tumor samples were obtained at surgery for all patients. Surgery for the LI-treated group was performed between days 14 and 54 after the end of treatment. Histologic evaluation, pathologic staging, necrosis, and American Joint Committee on Cancer grading were performed from hematoxylin and eosin sections. Immunohistochemistry and morphometry determined cellular infiltrate. RESULTS Two pathologically complete, two major (> 50%), and four minor responses (> 30% but < 50%) resulted from LI treatment (overall response rate, 42%). Histopathology showed that the intratumoral CD4+:CD8+ ratio was low (< 1) in patients not treated with LI (controls). An increase in tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and a decrease of CD8+ T cells was observed in LI-treated patients, leading to a significantly (P < .05) higher intratumoral CD4+:CD8+ ratio (> 2.5). This was paralleled by dendritic cell transition from tumor surface toward stromal interface (P < .05), with macrophage decrease and neutrophil accumulation, multifocal microscopic necrosis, and significant (P < .05) increase in tumor stroma of LI-treated patients compared with controls. CONCLUSION LI-treated OSCC patients were characterized by a markedly altered composition of tumor-infiltrating mononuclear cells, increased CD4+:CD8+ ratio, and increased tumor stroma to epithelial ratio, all of which were distinct from controls.

Radiation myelopathy with partial functional recovery: PET evidence of long-term increased metabolic activity of the spinal cord

Background and Purpose:Tumor-induced anemia often occurs in cancer patients, and is corrected by recombinant human erythropoietins (rHuEPOs). Recent studies indicated that, besides erythroid progenitor cells, tumor and endothelial cells express erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) as well; therefore, rHuEPO may affect their functions. Here, the effect of rHuEPOα on irradiation in EPOR-positive human squamous cell carcinoma xenograft was tested.Material and Methods:A431 tumor-bearing SCID mice were treated from the tumor implantation with rHuEPOα at human-equivalent dose. Xenografts were irradiated (5 Gy) on day 14, and the final tumor mass was measured on day 22. The systemic effects of rHuEPOα on the hemoglobin level, on tumor-associated blood vessels and on hypoxia-inducible factor-(HIF-)1α expression of the tumor xenografts were monitored. The proliferation, apoptosis and clonogenic capacity of A431 cancer cells treated with rHuEPOα and irradiation were also tested in vitro.Results:In vitro, rHuEPOα treatment alone did not modify the proliferation of EPOR-positive A431 tumor cells but enhanced the effect of irradiation on proliferation, apoptosis and clonogenic capacity. In vivo, rHuEPOα administration compensated the tumor-induced anemia in SCID mice and decreased tumoral HIF-1α expression but had no effect on tumor growth. At the same time rHuEPOα treatment significantly increased the efficacy of radiotherapy in vivo (tumor weight of 23.9 ± 4.7 mg and 34.9 ± 4.6 mg, respectively), mediated by increased tumoral blood vessel destruction.Conclusion:rHuEPOα treatment may modulate the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy not only by reducing systemic hypoxia and tumoral HIF-1α expression, but also by destroying tumoral vessels.Hintergrund und Ziel:Patienten mit Krebserkrankungen leiden oft an tumorinduzierter Anämie, die mit rekombinantem menschlichen Erythropoetin (rHuEPO) korrigiert wird. Viele Studien berichteten, dass sowohl die erythroiden Vorläuferzellen als auch Tumor- und Endothelzellen den Erythropoetinrezeptor (EPOR) exprimieren, der die Funktionen dieser Zellen beeinflussen könnte. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Wirkung von rHuEPOα auf die Bestrahlung des xenotransplantierten EPOR-positiven menschlichen Plattenepithelkarzinoms untersucht.Material und Methodik:Mit A431-Zellen infiltrierte SCID-Mäuse wurden nach der Tumoreinimpfung mit rHuEPOα in menschlicher Äquivalentdosis behandelt. Die xenotransplantierten Tumoren wurden am 14. Tag bestrahlt (5 Gy), und am 22. Tag wurde die endgültige Tumormasse gemessen. Zur Kontrolle der systemischen Wirkungen von rHuEPOα wurden die Hämoglobinwerte, die tumorassoziierten Gefäße und die HIF-1α-Expression (hypoxieinduzierbarer Faktor) der Tumoren bestimmt. Außerdem wurden die Proliferation, Apoptose und Klonbildungsfähigkeit der mit rHuEPOα und Bestrahlung behandelten A431-Tumorzellen in vitro untersucht.Ergebnisse:In vitro hatte die rHuEPOα-Behandlung keine Wirkung auf die Proliferation EPOR-positiver A431-Tumorzellen, aber die Wirkung der Bestrahlung auf Proliferation, Apoptose und Klonbildungsfähigkeit wurde erhöht. In vivo kompensierte die rHuEPOα-Gabe die tumorinduzierte Anämie der SCID-Mäuse und verminderte die HIF-1α-Expression des Tumors, hatte aber keine Wirkung auf das Tumorwachstum. Gleichzeitig steigerte die rHuEPOα-Behandlung die Wirkung der Strahlentherapie in vivo (Tumorgewicht 23,9 ± 4,7 mg bzw. 34,9 ± 4,6 mg) durch verstärkte Zerstörung der Tumorgefäße.Schlussfolgerung:Eine Behandlung mit rHuEPOα reguliert die Wirksamkeit der Strahlentherapie nicht nur durch verminderte systemische Hypoxie und HIF-1α-Expression, sondern auch durch Zerstörung der Tumorgefäße.

Moderate dose escalation with single-fraction high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost for clinically localized intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer: 5-year outcome of the first 100 consecutively treated patients

Postoperative telecobalt irradiation was performed with a biologically effective extrapolated response dose of 165 Gy2 delivered to the spinal cord of a papillary thyroid cancer patient. Incomplete cervical transection developed, followed by a gradual functional improvement, which is still continuing 8 years after radiotherapy. Between the 6th and 8th years of the clinical course, positron emission tomography investigations demonstrated an increased 18F-deoxyglucose accumulation and (15)O-butanol perfusion, but negligible 11C-methionine uptake in the irradiated spinal cord segment. We suggest that the increased metabolism and perfusion, and the lack of detectable protein synthesis may be related to the increased energy demands of action potential conduction, due to the higher than normal density of sodium channels along demyelinated axons displaying restored conduction.

Relationship between sentinel lymph node status and regression of primary malignant melanoma

PURPOSE To analyze the clinical outcome and toxicity data of the first 100 consecutive patients treated with a single-fraction high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS Two-hundred eighty patients have been treated with HDR-BT boost for localized intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer. Among these, the outcome and toxicity of the first 100 patients treated with a single HDR-BT fraction were assessed. A median dose of 60Gy EBRT was given to the prostate and vesicles. Interstitial HDR-BT of 10Gy was performed during the course of EBRT. RESULTS Median followup time was 61.5 months. The 5-year actuarial rates of overall survival, cause-specific survival, disease-free survival, and biochemical no evidence of disease (bNED) for the entire cohort were 93.3%, 99.0%, 89.3%, and 85.5%, respectively. The 7-year actuarial rate of bNED was 84.2% for the intermediate-risk group and 81.6% for the high-risk group (p=0.8464). The 7-year actuarial rates of bNED for Grade 1, 2, and 3 tumors were 97.5%, 80.0%, and 67.1%, respectively. The 5-year probability for developing late Grade 3 gastrointestinal and genitourinary (GU) toxicity was 2.1% and 14.4%, respectively. Grade 3 GU complications occurred significantly more frequently in patients with a history of preirradiation transurethral resection (29.1% vs. 8.8%; p=0.0047). CONCLUSIONS Five-year outcome after 60Gy EBRT plus a single fraction of 10Gy HDR-BT boost is encouraging. Preradiation transurethral resection significantly increases the risk of late severe GU complications.