Milad Ahmadi

Structural and functional effects of social isolation on the hippocampus of rats with traumatic brain injury.

Social isolation has significant long-term psychological and physiological consequences. Both social isolation and traumatic brain injury (TBI) alter normal brain function and structure. However, the influence of social isolation on recovery from TBI is unclear. This study aims to evaluate if social isolation exacerbates the anatomical and functional deficits after TBI in young rats. Juvenile male rats were divided into four groups; sham operated control with social contacts, sham control with social isolation, TBI with social contacts, and TBI with social isolation. During four weeks after brain injury in juvenile rats, we evaluated the animal behaviors by T-maze and open-field tests, recorded brain activity with electrocorticograms and assessed structural changes by histological procedures in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, CA1, and CA3 areas. Our findings revealed significant memory impairments and hyperactivity conditions in rats with TBI and social isolation compared to the other groups. Histological assessments showed an increase of the mean number of dark neurons, apoptotic cells, and caspase-3 positive cells in all tested areas of the hippocampus in TBI rats with and without social isolation compared to sham rats. Furthermore, social isolation significantly increased the number of dark cells, apoptotic neurons, and caspase-3 positive cells in the hippocampal CA3 region in rats with TBI. This study indicates the harmful effect of social isolation on anatomical and functional deficits induced by TBI in juvenile rats. Prevention of social isolation may improve the outcome of TBI.

Effects of garlic extract on spreading depression: In vitro and in vivo investigations.

Objectives: The potential use of garlic for prevention and treatment of different types of headaches has been suggested by several medieval literatures. Cortical spreading depression (CSD), a propagating wave of neuroglial depolarization, was established as a target for anti-migraine drugs. This study was designed to investigate the effect of garlic extract on CSD in adult rats. Methods: CSD was induced by KCl microinjection in the somatosensory cortex. The effects of five different concentrations of garlic oil (1–500 μl/l) were tested on different characteristic features of CSD in necocortical slices. In in vivo experiments, the effects of garlic oil on electrophysiological and morphological changes induced by CSD were investigated. Results: Garlic oil in a dose-dependent manner decreased the amplitude of CSD but not its duration and velocity in neocortical brain slices. Garlic oil at concentration of 500 μl/l reversibly reduced the amplitude of the field excitatory post-synaptic potentials and inhibited induction of long-term potentiation in the third layer of neocortical slices. In in vivo studies, systemic application of garlic oil (1 ml/l) for three consecutive days reduced the amplitude and repetition rate of CSD. Garlic oil also prevented of CSD-induced reactive astrocytosis in the neocortex. Discussion: Garlic oil suppresses CSD, likely via inhibition of synaptic plasticity, and prevents its harmful effects on astrocyte. Further studies are required to identify the exact active ingredient(s) of garlic oil that inhibit CSD and may have the potential to use in treatment of CSD-related disorders.

Self-tuning PD2-PID Controller Design by Using Fuzzy Logic for Ball and Beam System

Nowadays, the science of aircraft equipment has made remarkable progress. However, due to the heavy costs and sensitivity, study on a laboratory scale for this equipment is impossible. Therefore, equivalent systems are used. The ball and beam is one of the systems which is used to simulate the aviation sciences. This system is composed of one motor, one ball and one beam. The purpose of this system is controlling and balancing the ball position on the beam at a desired value. There are several challenges like sensors noise and servo motor nonlinearities in the controlling this system. To solve these problems, a new control method is presented in this paper. This approach is made from the combination of two different methods consist of PD2-PID and fuzzy logic controller. The main purpose of the presented approach is realizing the best performance of the system and locating the ball position in desired value in the lowest time, steady state error and overshot. The obtained simulation results indicate the proposed method has better performance in controlling the ball and beam system compared to the other techniques like traditional PD2-PID.

REMOVED: Extracellular synaptic activity of basolateral amygdala nucleus alter associated by mGluR1 receptors in developmental schizophrenic models

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Hippocampal NMDA receptor in an animal model of absence seizure

E-mail: Fariba_karimzade@yahoo.com Introduction The glutamergic receptors affect the synchronization of spike and wave discharges in different animal models of absence seizure. We studied the distribution of a NMDA subtype receptor in CA1 area of the hippocampus. Materials and Methods Expression of NMDA subreceptor R2, the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptor in the brain, was investigated in rats suffering from absence-like seizures. Results Rats with absence-like seizures exhibited decreased number of these NMDA subreceptors in the hippocampal formation. Conclusion Changes of expression of these receptors in the hippocampus may be involved in cognition deficits in absence epilepsy. ABSTRACT راذگ ریثات یبایغ عرص یناویح یاه لدم عاونارد جوم -هزین یاه هیلخت ییاون مه رد یتاماتولگ یاه هدنریگ همدقم پمکوپیه رد CA1 ي هقطنم رد NMDA ي هدنریگ یاهدحاوریز زا یكی عیزوت یسررب هب هعلاطم نیا رد ام .تسا زغم رد ناوارف یكیرحت یبصع لقان کی هک NMDA ی هدنریگ زا R2 دحاو ریز نایب اه شور و داوم .میا هتخادرپ NMDA هدنریگزا دحاو ریز نیا دادعت اه هتفای .دیدرگ یسررب یبایغ عرص هب لاتبم ییارحص یاه شوم رد ،تسا نایب تارییغت یریگ هجیتن .دوب هتفای شهاک یبایغ عرص هب لاتبم ییارحص یاه شوم پمکوپیه تلایكشت رد .دشاب لیخد یبایغ عرص هب نایلاتبم رد دوجوم یتخانش تلالاتخا رد تسا نكمم پمکوپیه رد اه هدنریگ نیا هلاقم تاعلاطا 1392 نیدرورف 17 :تفایرد 1392 تشهبیدرا 10 :شریذپ