Mirnah Suardi

Spray Characteristic of Rapid Mixing Jatropha Oil Biodiesel in Burner System

Jatropha Oil (JPO) is an alternative fuel proposed to be used especially for renewable sources and energy efficiency. Its characteristics need further investigation particularly for the use in an external burner system. The aim of this research is to investigate experimentally the spray characteristics of Jatropha oil in premixing injector for burner system. The Jatropha oil was blended with diesel at different ratio; JPO5, JPO10, and JPO15 at water content of W0, W5, W10 and W15. Fuel, water and air are injected in premix injector, causing the spray of these mixtures to produce lower toxic emission during combustion process. The spray angle, spray penetration length and spray area of different fuel-water ratio and equivalent ratio shall be analyzed from images captured using direct photography method with a DSLR camera. The result of the spray image will be further analyzed and compared between the different batches of image captured. It is shown that the effect of equivalent ratio and water content in fuel-water mixtures will give a significant effect on spray characteristics. Addition of water content will increases the viscosity of the mixtures, hence it increases the spray penetration length, spray area and reduce the spray angle.

The effects of storage duration on biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil

The use of fossil fuels as energy sources has grown to significantly be likely to have a major environmental impact. Reduction of world oil reserves and increasing environmental concerns have prompted alternative is found and renewable source of energy called biodiesel. Biodiesel fuel from vegetable oil is considered as the best candidates for diesel fuel replacement in diesel engines because of its closer. Fuel prices are going up day by day in the world. Thus, the means and methods have been trying for years to get fuel alternative outcomes. This study investigated the effects of different storage periods used in quality biodiesel blends (B5, B10, B15) of waste cooking oil and diesel fuel under low temperature and the temperature of the environment. Biodiesel samples were stored in glass containers under indoor conditions, and outdoor conditions for 10 weeks in total. These samples were monitored on a weekly basis through the test properties. The experimental density, viscosity, acid value, water content and flash point discussed in detail. Biodiesel storage at low temperatures is suitable and more advantageous because the impact on the physical properties is minimal and beneficial to slow down the degradation of biodiesel and storage.

Flame Spread Behavior over Kenaf Fabric, Polyester Fabric, and Kenaf/Polyester Combined Fabric

Flame spread behavior is one of the important topics related to fire safety engineering. It is essential to examine factors, which influence the flame spread behavior over fabrics. It is known that natural fibers exhibit a different flame spread behavior than the one of synthetic fibers. This difference may influence the flame spread behavior over combined fabrics. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of materials on the flame spread behavior over kenaf/polyester fabrics. Before analyzing this effect, it is important also to know the flame spread behavior over 100% kenaf fabric and 100% polyester fabric. Thus, several experiments have been conducted for different materials of fabric made up of 100% kenaf, 100% polyester, and combined fabric of kenaf/polyester. For the combined fabric, experiments have been done for different weft thread angle of θ = 0° and θ = 90°. A burner is used for igniting the fabric at a point on its top edge. The data collected is recorded via videos and captured images for measuring the flame spread rate and detail observation of characteristics during the burning process. From the results obtained, it is seen that the material and thread angle influence on the flame spread behavior over fabrics. The flame spread rate on kenaf is lower than the flame spread rate on combined fabrics of kenaf/polyester while the flame spread rate on polyester is undetermined. The flame spread velocity also changes when the weft thread angle change from θ = 0° to θ = 90°.

Effects of fractal grid on spray characteristics and flame development in burner combustion

Turbulence generator plays an important role in enhancing turbulence in combustion and determining the flame characteristics in burner combustion. This research demonstrated the effect of a fractal grid on the spray and flame characteristics in burner combustion. Three geometrical configurations of fractal grid were investigated with different equivalence ratios of 0.5–1.0. The images were captured using direct photographic method. The characteristics of the spray and flame were studied, including the length, angle, and area. The results from this fractal grid were compared with the swirl. The results showed that the fractal geometry and ratio of air-to-fuel mixture affected the performance of the burner. The correct combination of fractal geometry and air-to-fuel ratio resulted in complete combustion and improved the overall performance of the burner.

Development for Thermophoresis Experimental Under Microgravity Condition

In the temperature field, a small particle will move towards the lower temperature side. This phenomenon is called thermophoresis, which influences the movement of soot particles in exhaust gas from combustors. It is important to understand the behavior of soot particles in the combustion field for emission control. The main problem for measuring the thermophoretic velocity is the natural convection. The velocity of such natural convection is usually comparable to the thermophoretic velocity and cannot be measured directly. To avoid this problem, experiments should be conducted under microgravity conditions. . In the present work, device has been developed for conducting experiments repeatedly under a microgravity environment in a very short period time, i.e. 0.3 s, by means of the free-fall method, to accumulate data of the thermophoretic velocity. Experiments have been conducted to measure the movement of particles in the microgravity environment with and without temperature gradient. For the former experiment, it is seen that the particles has almost no movement in the horizontal and the vertical directions. Results confirmed that there is negligible effect of blowing and gravitational on the particles movement. For the later one, experiments have been done in a surrounding of a pure gas of argon. The thermophoretic velocity is measured at 313±2 K for various pressure conditions from 20 kPa to 100 kPa. The thermophoretic velocity for each particle is individually measured, and the mean value and its 95% confidence interval for each experimental condition are statistically obtained. Result from experiments are compared with the theory and satisfactorily agreement is found for tested gas.

Analysis of Emulsified Renewable Fuel Injector in Burner Combustion: An Overview

The use of energy and natural resources being increase due to the growth of economy and world population. One of the natural resources is being consumed heavily is diesel for transportation and burner combustion. However, the major product results from the combustions of diesel are NOx and PM emissions. This review paper focuses on the influences of the emulsified renewable biodiesel fuel such as crude palm oil and waste cooking oil with the concept fuel-air-water internally rapid mixing injector for the open burner system. Water is introduced directly into the combustion field. The concept of rapid mixing from biodiesel and water are controlling of the combustion process in order to minimize the emissions. The water content in the emulsified biodiesel fuels effectively in the reduction of NOx emissions especially the high blending biodiesel. Moreover, emulsion technology significantly reduced particulate matter (PM) emissions as compared to the standard biodiesel fuel combustion. The parameters include equivalent ratio, water content in biodiesel-water, and spray characteristics such as spray penetration, spray angle and spray area.

Experimental Study of the Ignition Process and Combustion of Biodiesel-water-air Rapid Mixing Derived From Waste Cooking Oil, Crude Palm Oil and Jatropha Oil in Burner Combustion

The prospects of fossil oil resources and strengthen of future emission regulation have raised keen attention together with the issue of renewable alternative fuel. As one of the different solutions to these problems, emulsion fuel technology in biodiesel has received close attention because it may provide better combustion efficiency and would contribute to a reduction in emissions, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) or particulate matter (PM).The solution of this issue is by using Biodiesel fuel as an alternative fuel from waste cooking oil (WCO), crude palm oil (CPO) and Jatropha Oil (JPO). In addition, Waste cooking oil is one of the most economical options for producing biodiesel due to the biodegradable properties and preserves energy. This study focuses on the observation of ignition and combustion characteristics of biodiesel-water-air rapid mixing of biodegradable fuel using internally rapid mixing injector in burner combustion. In this research, the relation of mixture formation, burning process and flame development of biodiesel were investigated in detail. The parameters include equivalent ratio, water content and mixture formation are studied. The flame development is analysed in term of flame longest for testing. The result shows that equivalent ratio and water content affect the combustion. Increasingly of water content will reduce the flame length and increase the probability of misfire.

Effect of Mixture Formation of Biodiesel-Water-Air Rapid Mixing Derived from Crude Palm Oil and Waste Cooking Oil in Burner Combustion

The trade-off between NOx and PM is a main issue in the observation of combustion characteristics, NOx and PM are released from the combustion of biodiesel either in internal combustion engine or external burner system. Thus, the rapid mixing of biodiesel-water-air technique is one of the most significant approaches to the reduction of pollutant emissions of burner combustion. In this research, the relation between the mixture formation of biodiesel spray and burning process was investigated in detail in order to understand the effects of the changes of fuel properties in fuel evaporation. In these experiments, different types of biodiesel fuel derived from the crude palm oil and waste cooking oil were used in the same nozzle characteristics of burner system. This study focuses on the observation of the real images of the spray characteristics together with equivalent ratio, water content, spray penetration length, spray angle and spray area. Water emulsion of percentage up to 15vol% and blending of biodiesel ratio was varied from 5vol%-15vol%. The diesel fuel have been compare with based analyzed of real spray images with the times change. The results shows percentage of biodiesel and shows the higher of water content due to the higher viscosity affects the higher penetration length and lower spray angle and influence the flame penetration.