Miroslav Prokes

The effects of diclofenac on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Diclofenac residues have been found in surface water, and thus could present a potential risk to aquatic species. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of diclofenac on the mortality, growth, and development of fish, as well as the impact of the drug on histological changes and selected parameters of oxidative stress in the fish. Subchronic toxic effects of diclofenac at concentrations of 0.015, 0.03, 1, and 3mg/L on embryos and larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated during a 30-day toxicity test under experimental conditions. Exposure to diclofenac at 3mg/L was associated with increased mortality, increased activity of glutathione S-transferase, and decreased activity of glutathione reductase. Decreases in the levels of thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances were associated with concentrations ≥ 0.03 mg/L. Based on these results a no observed effect concentration (NOEC)=0.015 mg/L and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC)=0.03 mg/L were generated.

Philometra ovata (Nematoda: Philometroidea): a potential sentinel species of heavy metal accumulation

To assess the bioindicator value of parasites, the concentrations of six heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn) were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry in gravid females of the nematode Philometra ovata, body cavity parasites of gudgeon (Gobio gobio) and muscle samples of infected and uninfected hosts. The concentration of heavy metals was significantly higher in specimens of P. ovata compared to the host muscle tissue. The parasite-to-muscle ratio of heavy metals varied from 3.2 to 121.7, in increasing concentrations for Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn. The presence of parasites did not influence the heavy metal content of the hosts, and no significant differences were found between muscle tissues of parasitized and non-parasitized fishes. The bioconcentration factor % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX % garmWu51MyVXgaruWqVvNCPvMCG4uz3bqefqvATv2CG4uz3bIuV1wy % Ubqee0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbb % a9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXd % bPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaabauaaaOqaam % aabmaajaaybaGaaeOqaiaabAeacqGH9aqpkmaalyaabaGaae4qamaa % BaaaleaacaqGWbGaaeyyaiaabkhacaqGHbGaae4CaiaabMgacaqG0b % GaaeyzaaqabaaakeaacaqGdbWaaSbaaSqaaiaabohacaqGLbGaaeiz % aiaabMgacaqGTbGaaeyzaiaab6gacaqG0baabeaaaaaajaaycaGLOa % Gaayzkaaaaaa!4DCB!

Changes in the structure of fish assemblages in a river used for energy production

{\left( {{\text{BF}} = {{\text{C}}_{{{\text{parasite}}}} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\text{C}}_{{{\text{parasite}}}} } {{\text{C}}_{{{\text{sediment}}}} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\text{C}}_{{{\text{sediment}}}} }} \right)}

Effects of Mixture of Pharmaceuticals on Early Life Stages of Tench (Tinca tinca)

varied between 0.4 and 25.8, in increasing order for Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cr. These results indicate that P. ovata may serve as sensitive indicator species of heavy metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems.

Effect of salicylic acid on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

A one-month chronic exposure of common carp larvae and embryos to nitrite revealed significant (p < 0.01) differences in total accumulated mortality in fish exposed to 33, 67, and 330 mg/L NO(2)(-) compared with controls. At the highest concentration, all fish died within 8 d of exposure. On the basis of accumulated mortality in the experimental groups, lethal concentrations of nitrite were estimated at 29 d LC50 = 88 mg/L NO(2)(-); lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) = 28 mg/L NO(2)(-); and no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) = 7 mg/L NO(2)(-). Fultons condition factor values were significantly lower in fish from all experimental groups compared with controls. By day 12, fish exposed to 33 and 67 mg/L NO(2)(-) had significantly lower mass and total length compared with controls. No significant negative effects of nitrite at the concentrations tested (0.7-330 mg/L NO(2)(-), at 10 mg/L Cl(-)) on hatching or embryo viability were demonstrated, but significant differences in early ontogeny among groups were noted. Fish from all the concentrations showed a dose-related delay in development compared with the controls. Lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis, and body shortening were observed at all concentrations and in controls, as was yolk sac deformation and edema, eye deformation, and cardiac edema. The incidence of these malformations was positively correlated with nitrite concentration. Histopathology revealed epidermal spongiosis; edema and hyperplasia of the gill epithelium, including hypertrophy and hyperplasia of eosinophilic granular cells (chloride cells); and interstitial edema of skeletal muscle in fish exposed to 67 mg/L NO(2)(-). Similar, but milder, changes were observed at lower nitrite concentrations.

The effect of tramadol hydrochloride on early life stages of fish.

The fishes in the River Jihlava (a tributary of the River Svratka, Danube drainage basin, Czech Republic) have been monitored over the past 26 years. The objective of this monitoring has been to determine the effects of the construction and operation of an energy operating complex. This complex is composed of two hydroenergetic reservoirs at Dalesice and Mohelno (completed in 1977) and an adjacent nuclear power plant at Dukovany (power generation started in 1985), water is pumped from the reservoir at Mohelno to supply cooling water for the nuclear power plant. The operation of this combined hydro and nuclear power system has led to substantial changes in the morphological, hydrological, hydrochemical and hydrobiological characteristics of the former riverine habitats. These habitat changes have been followed by considerable changes in the composition of the fish assemblage. In the river downstream of the reservoirs, the former fish community, which was dominated by the barbel (Barbus barbus), has been replaced by a trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) community. In the Dalesice reservoir, limnophilic species generally replaced rheophilic species. Both of these habitats are now highly valued for their sport fisheries. Copyright

The effects of ciprofloxacin on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Verapamil is a pharmaceutical that belongs to a group of calcium channel blockers and is mainly used as a treatment of angina pectoris and arterial hypertension. Verapamil has been detected in aquatic environments in concentrations ranging from ng L(-1) to μg L(-1). In the present study, a series of acute toxicity tests of verapamil on various developmental stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were conducted. As a result, 96hLC50 values of verapamil were estimated at 16.4±9.2, 7.3±1.5 and 4.8±0.2 mg L(-1) for embryos (E5-E9) and common carp larvae L2 and L5, respectively. Lethal concentrations of verapamil decreased with an increase in the age of the fish. Acute exposure to verapamil significantly reduced the heart rate in the embryos and larvae. In an embryo-larval toxicity test (sub-chronic exposure), the bioconcentration, depuration, and toxic effects of verapamil were assessed in common carp. The fish were exposed to verapamil in a concentration of 0.463 (environmentally relevant), 4.63, 46.3 and 463 μg L(-1). Verapamil had no effect on the accumulated mortality, hatching, condition factor, growth or ontogeny of the fish in any of the tested concentrations. In carp exposed to 463 and 46.3 μg L(-1) of verapamil, significantly higher occurrences of malformations and edemas were observed compared to the control. The bioconcentration factor of verapamil in whole fish homogenates ranged between 6.6 and 16.6 and was therefore below the critical value for hazard substances (BCF>500). The half-life and the 95% depuration time for the tested compound were estimated to be 10.2±1.6 days and 44.2±8.6 days, respectively. No effects of verapamil on the studied endpoints were observed at environmentally relevant concentrations.

The Effects of Subchronic Exposure to Terbuthylazine on Early Developmental Stages of Common Carp

Ubiquitous occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment results in concern about potential adverse the effects on nontarget organisms. In water, drugs are present in complex mixtures, in which complicated interactions affect toxicity of single components. The purpose of this study was to examine effect of 35-day-long exposure to mixture of ibuprofen, diclofenac, and carbamazepine on the mortality, growth, early ontogeny, and histopathological changes in tench (Tinca tinca). Early life stage toxicity test was carried out using a modified protocol according to OECD guideline 210. Exposure to mixture of pharmaceuticals at concentration of 60 μg·L−1 for each substance was associated with significant increase in mortality, as well as significant increase in growth and elevated incidence of malformations. Any of the tested concentrations resulted in histopathological changes of liver, kidney, skin, or gill. After fourteen days of exposure there was short-term delay of development related to increased concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the mixture (2, 20, and 60 μg·L−1). Environmentally relevant concentrations (0.02; and 0.2 μg·L−1) used in this experiment did not result in toxic impairment of tench.