Mochamad Amin

Complete Genome Sequence and Phylogenetic Relatedness of Hepatitis B Virus Isolates in Papua, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Each hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype and subgenotype is associated with a particular geographic distribution, ethnicity, and anthropological history. Our previous study showed the novel HBV subgenotypes C6 (HBV/C6) and D6 (HBV/D6), based on the S gene sequences of isolates in Papua, Indonesia. The present study investigated the complete genome sequence of 22 strains from Papua and subjected them to molecular evolutionary analysis. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that 9 out of 22 strains were classified as HBV/C6, 3 strains as HBV/D6, and 9 strains as HBV/B3. A particular strain positioned between HBV/B3 and HBV/B5 remained unclassifiable into any known subgenotypes. This strain showed high homology with HBV/C5 from the Philippines in the core region and was thought to have undergone genetic recombination with HBV/C5. Further studies are needed to determine whether this strain belongs to a new subgenotype of HBV/B. Based on the amino acid alignment, HBV/C6 has subgenotype specific variations (G18V and V47M) in the S region. HBV/C6 strains were more closely related in terms of evolutionary distance to strains from the east Asia and Pacific regions than those found in southeast Asia. HBV/D6 strains were most closely related to strains from the Western countries (HBV/D3) rather than those from Asia and Papua New Guinea. In conclusion, we have confirmed by complete sequence analysis that two novel HBV subgenotypes, HBV/C6 and HBV/D6, are prevalent in Papua, Indonesia.

Serologic and Molecular Characteristics of Hepatitis B Virus among School Children in East Java, Indonesia

Universal childhood hepatitis B vaccination was introduced in Indonesia in 1997; by 2008, coverage was estimated to be 78%. This study aimed to investigate the serologic status and virologic characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) among the children in East Java. A total of 229 healthy children born during 1994-1999 were enrolled in this study. Overall, 3.1% were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and 23.6% were positive for antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs). HBV DNA was detected in 5 of 222 HBsAg-negative carriers, which were suggested to be cases of occult HBV infection. A single amino substitution (T126I) in the S region was frequently found. HBV infection remains endemic, and the prevalence of anti-HBs remains insufficient among children in East Java, Indonesia.

Another novel subgenotype of hepatitis B virus genotype C from papuans of Highland origin.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and subtypes have been identified worldwide. As HBV genotypes/subtypes, the HBV subgenotypes seem to be associated with their geographical distribution and ethnic origin. A previous study showed the novel HBV subgenotype C6 based on the complete genome sequences of isolates in Papua, Indonesia. In the present study, further characterization of HBV in Jayapura (capital of Papua Province), particularly from native people of Papua originating from the highland (highland Papuans) and those from the lowland (lowland Papuans) were examined. Of 32 HBV isolates from both highland and lowland Papuan blood donors with HBsAg positive, part of the S gene and the core gene sequences were analyzed. Analyses of some isolates from highland Papuans were confirmed by the complete genome sequences. Most HBV isolates were classified into genotype C (78.1%), followed by genotype B (18.8%), and genotype D (3.1%). The subtype adr was predominant (71.9%), followed by adw2 (25.1%), and ayw2 (3.1%). As with previous findings, phylogenetic analyses revealed that most HBV isolates from Papuans, C/adr, belonged to subgenotype C6. Interestingly, some C/adr isolates from highland Papuans formed a distinct cluster from all reported subgenotypes of HBV/C, and they differed from HBV/C1‐C10 by 4.2–7.2% over the complete genome. SimPlot analysis showed no evidence of recombination with HBV/C1–C10. The isolated life and closed social systems of highland Papuans, even though some have been moving to Jayapura, likely contribute to the formation of this unique cluster of infection with a novel subgenotype of HBV, named C11. J. Med. Virol. 83:225–234, 2011.

Detection of highly prevalent hepatitis B virus co‐infection with HIV in Indonesia

The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) co‐infection with HIV is increasing worldwide because of shared transmission routes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HBV and HIV co‐infection in Indonesia, and its molecular and clinical characteristics.

Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Indonesia 15 Years After Adoption of a Universal Infant Vaccination Program: Possible Impacts of Low Birth Dose Coverage and a Vaccine-Escape Mutant

A universal hepatitis B vaccination program for infants was adopted in Indonesia in 1997. Before its implementation, the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive individuals in the general population was approximately 5-10%. The study aimed to investigate the hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological status and molecular profile among children, 15 years after adoption of a universal infant vaccination program in Indonesia. According to the Local Health Office data in five areas, the percentages of children receiving three doses of hepatitis B vaccine are high (73.9-94.1%), whereas the birth dose coverage is less than 50%. Among 967 children in those areas, the seropositive rate of HBsAg in preschool- and school-aged children ranged from 2.1% to 4.2% and 0% to 5.9%, respectively. Of the 61 HBV DNA-positive samples, the predominant genotype/subtype was B/adw2 Subtype adw3 was identified in genotype C for the first time in this population. Six samples (11.5%) had an amino acid substitution within the a determinant of the S gene region, and one sample had T140I that was suggested as a vaccine-escape mutant type. The low birth dose coverage and the presence of a vaccine-escape mutant might contribute to the endemicity of HBV infection among children in Indonesia.

Progress in the Control of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Children in Indonesia

Indonesia introduced a universal vaccination program for the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 1997; however, the longterm efficacy of the HBV vaccination has not yet been established among children. We conducted serological and genetic surveys among children in East Java, Indonesia to assess the progress of the national immunization program. A total of 185 pre-school children aged 1-5 years old born between 2006 and 2011 were enrolled in this study. A total of 150 children (81.1%) were completely vaccinated, and the birth dose coverage within 7 days after birth was 74%. None of the children were positive for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), while 4 children were infected with occult HBV. The prevalence of anti-HBs antibody positive was only 26.5%, and positive prevalence and titer of anti-HBs decreased with age. The universal HB vaccination is considered effective in preventing HBV infection in children in this study site, while the protective rate remains insufficient. An effective strategy needs to be developed in order to detect all vaccination failure cases. To achieve complete protection, it would be necessary to consider an appropriate time for the first dose and booster dose.

Interleukin-28B Polymorphisms and Response of Chronic Hepatitis C Patients from Indonesia to Pegylated Interferon/Ribavirin Treatment

ABSTRACT This study demonstrated that Indonesian patients with chronic hepatitis C (mostly ethnic Java people) mostly were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1; however, they carried mainly the major genotypes of interleukin 28B (IL-28B) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs12979860 CC, rs11881222 TT, rs8103142 AA, and rs8099917 TT), and they mostly achieved sustained virological responses to pegylated interferon/ribavirin treatment.

ANTI-HIV DAN SUBTIPE HIV PADA PASIEN HEMODIALISIS

Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Anti-HIV) was performed from 100 plasma Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) stage 5 patients with continuous hemodialysis (HD) at the Hemodialysis Instalation Dr Soetomo hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, using three (3) kind of reagents: Tri-line HIV Rapid test Device from Acon for HIV 1/2/O as strips form, Foresight HIV 1/2/O Antibody EIA Test Kit from Acon and Anti-HIV 1+2/Subtype O ELISA from Axiom. HIV RNA and HIV subtype were detected by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) based on HIV gag region and analysis of DNA result. Seventy three % patients were hemodialysed twice in a week and only 14% with duration more than five (5) years. Most of the patients (43%) were hemodialysed between 100−300 times. From the 100 plasma samples was obtained only one (1%) man patient plasma sample with positive anti-HIV. A weak positive of RT-PCR result was not succeed to be sequenced for determining the HIV subtype. This cause was suspected due to low levels of HIV RNA in blood. The results of this study was expected can be used as an additional management consideration of hemodialysis patients at the Hemodialysis Unit.