Mohamad Farid Sies

Effect of storage temperature and storage duration on biodiesel properties and characteristics

Biodiesel based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmentally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. Biodiesel is produced from any fat or oil such as soybean oil, through a refinery process called transesterification. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. Biodiesel can be used as a pure fuel or blended with petroleum in any percentage but the standard storage and handling procedures used for biodiesel are the main issue due to the biodiesel fuel specifications. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored in a clean, dry and dark environment. In this research, three different storage temperature were study which are; low (0 5 °C), ambient, and high (40 50 °C). The key parameters that are required to store biodiesel are discussed, and the recent research advances are noted. Five types of biodiesel after storage all the samples for 2016 hours were tested plus with two product of combustion. Images analysis for combustion process was used to image appearances analysis. Under 2016 hours of storage duration, the effect of degradation was happen although the effect is not significance because the changes are still in acceptable ranges.

Development of the Premixing Injector in Burner System

Today, global warming is the biggest issues due the increasing of emissions from diesel fuel in transportation and manufacturing sectors [1-. The solution for this issue is by using Biodiesel fuel as alternative fuel in both sectors. Malaysia government has introduced the Biodiesel (B5) in the diesel engine for transportations [3]. Biodiesel fuel (BDF) in alternative fuel and renewable energy but it has low quality of fuel and can reduce the performance compared to the diesel fuel (DF)[4-6].

A Review of the Concept of Fuel-Water Internally Rapid Mixing Injector in Burner System

This paper reviews the effects of premix fluids between biodiesel, air, and water for external combustion especially open burner. During burning process, biodiesel combustion involves the fuel-air mixing characteristic such as oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants and viscosity that influences more NOx emissions than diesel fuel. The strategies to reduce NOx emission are acquired with water additional in biodiesel fuel mixing during early stage of burning process. The method to mix biodiesel-water with injector was acquired in burner system. A vast majority of author reported that the variation in mixing of blending biodiesel ratio and water was found to enhance the burning process and mixture formation thus predominantly reducing the NOx emissions.

Overview Effect of Biodiesel Storage on Properties and Characteristics

Biofuels based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmentally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. This provides a critical review of current understanding of main factor in storage method which affecting the biodiesel properties and characteristics. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored in a clean, dry and dark environment. Water and sediment contamination are basically housekeeping issues for biodiesel. Degradation by oxidation yields products that may compromise fuel properties, impair fuel quality and engine performance. The effect of storage method on the fuel properties and burning process in biodiesel fuel combustion will strongly affects the exhaust emissions.

Determine spray droplets on water sensitive paper (WSP) for low pressure deflector nozzle using image J

In this study, determine of spray droplets size (SMD) using water sensitive paper (WSP) at low fluid pressure with deflector nozzle or tangential flow nozzle model Delavan AL75 and New Design Nozzle with two different type of swirl (ND2.5 A1.0 & ND2.5 B1.0). These three deflected flat sprays have used at different liquid mixing ratio. These liquid mixture ratios are pure water, 10% of lime juice + 90% of water (L10W90) and 30% of lime juice + 70% of water (L30W70). WSP is used to collect the spray droplets from nozzles. The operational liquid pressure of each nozzle is 3 bar, while air operational pressures are 3 bar and 6 bar. Then, the WSP were scanned using scanner then it was analyzed using ImageJ software. ImageJ can be used for determining the diameter of droplets size on the WSP. As the results from an experiment, the AL75 nozzle recorded the lowest Sauter mean diameter which is 193.69μm at 6 bar of pressurized air while ND2.5 A1.0 recorded the highest Sauter mean diameter which is 353.61µm at 3 bar of pressurized air. Summary from the experiment shows that the higher of droplet size is because of the lower air pressure (3 Bar). Then, increasing of liquid viscosity also increase the SMD. The orifice diameter for New Design nozzle (ND-2.5) is smaller than AL75, which are 2.5mm and 2.8mm respectively. The different nozzle design also gives effect the SMD. WSP is an alternative method to determine SMD for spray droplets with the low cost if compared to Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA).

Analysis of Mixture Formation and Flame Development in Biodiesel Burner Combustion Using Direct Optical Visualization Technique

Despite years of emission-reduction attempts, biodiesel combustion still have problem of emitting NOx, CO and particulate matter (PM) into the atmosphere. To reduce emissions, the improvements throughout the combustion process have been considered with the enhancement fuel-air mixing. Optical visualization technique is very essential due to its ability to record real time color image of fuel-air premixing and flame development during burning process. The purpose of this study is to determine the relation between mixture formation and flame development of burner combustion using optical visualization technique and image processing technique. Blending of biodiesel ratio was varied from 5 vol% (B5) – 15 vol% (B15). Water content under emulsified biodiesel was varied up to 15 percent, and equivalence ratio from 0.6 to 2.0. The real spray image of emulsified biodiesel and different equivalence ratio were captured by direct photography method together with color digital camera. The images of the spatial distribution of fuel-air mixing and natural flame luminosity will be further analyzed and to obtain information of the flame development in order to understand the influences of fuel-air premixing on combustion process and burning process. Analysis of spray evaporation and observations of combustion process reveal that the mixture formation exhibit influences to the ignition process and flame development.

Simulation of Water Mist Spray for Commercial Kitchen Ventilation (CKV) System Using Ansys-CFD

Concept of the water mist spray in CKV system is to clean the gas filter at kitchen hood. This research aims to analyze the behavior and flow characteristics of water mist spray produced by spray nozzle. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with k-epsilon turbulence method is a simulation tool for the characterization of sprays. The fluid flow for case1, case 2 and case 3 have the same pattern type of graph. Changes have seen in fluid flow pressure and velocity. The value of fluid flow pressure was decreasing from the first point at water inlet until to the last point at nozzle orifice. The total pressure values for case 1, case 2, and case 3 are 99.997 kPa, 199.991 kPa and 299.992 kPa respectively. The highest velocity is recorded at the liquid tip of the nozzle which is about 144.15 m/s for case 3. In the other hand, the highest value of fluid flow pressure was recorded at the water inlet part.

Flow Characteristics Study in Kitchen Hood Using Ansys

Commercial kitchen hood ventilation system is a device used to capture and filtered the plumes from cooking activities in the kitchen area. Nowadays, it is very popular in an industrial sector such as restaurant and hotel to provide hygiene food. The purpose of this study is to identify flow characteristics in the commercial kitchen hood ventilation system and to observe the effect of capture jet technology. The ANSYS 14.5 (FLUENT) software as a tool used to simulate the kitchen hood system with capture jet and without capture jet technology. The model has a dimension 700 mm width, 1600 mm length and 555 mm height. The comparisons are made between Water Wash/Water Mist kitchen hood with capture jet and without capture jet, in order to observe the effect of the capture jet technology through flow characteristics analysis. Three different cases are tested which are case A (1.071 m/s), case B (0.871 m/s) and case C (0.671 m/s) as set at inlet capture jet. Results show that kitchen hood with capture jet technology has improved the flow characteristics in the kitchen hood system which helps to increase the average velocity and control flow in kitchen hood system. Case A with the velocity of 1.071 m/s has the highest average velocity compared to the case B,0.871m/s and case C,0.671m/s. Overall case A provided better flow characteristic based on its characteristic of spreading the fresh air in workspace area. The more spreading of fresh air, it will cover more area in kitchen space thus its helps to provide better thermal condition in the kitchen space. It can be conclude that the inlet capture jet velocity plays an important role in order to help the system efficiently vent out the plumes from kitchen area at the same time to provide better Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) in kitchen space.

Preheated Biodiesel Derived from Vegetable Oil on Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engines: A Review

This present study discusses the effects of preheated biodiesel and its blends on the performance and emissions of diesel engines. Limited supply of fossil fuel makes biodiesel as one of the major solution for this current situation. However, in using biodiesel and its blends as fuel had created few problems such as poor fuel droplet formation and atomization that consequently result on lots of carbon formation deposit on the valves and injector choking. These problems occur due to the effect of higher viscosity of the biodiesel and its blends itself. This paper reviews the recent research on the effects of preheated biodiesel on viscosity and thus influences to the performance and emissions. Generally there are four methods to lower the viscosity that are heating, blending, micro-emulsification and transesterification. Heating is the easiest solution to bring lower the viscosity. Biodiesel and its blends were heated up before combustion process and most of the researcher reported that the brake power was lower than diesel fuel but higher than unheated biodiesel while the BSFC was found to be higher than diesel fuel and unheated biodiesel. In addition, it observed that the NOx emission was higher than that of diesel fuel and unheated biodiesel.

Performance and Emissions of Preheated Biodiesel on a Compression Ignition (CI) Engines

Diesel engines are still widely needed and applicable to agriculture, construction, light duty passenger car and heavy duty vehicles. In recent years, limited supply of fossil fuel makes alternative sources of fuel especially biodiesel receiving a lot of attention in the automotive industry. However, in using biodiesel as fuel had created poor fuel-air mixing that generally will produce lower performance and higher emissions than diesel fuel. This phenomenon associated with the fuel properties especially viscosity that higher compared to diesel fuel. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of preheated biodiesel derived from crude palm oil with 5% blending ratio (B5) at 40°C, 50°C and 60°C on performance and emissions of diesel engine under two different load conditions, which are 50% load and 100% load. A four-cylinder four strokes cycle, water cooled, direct injection engine was used for the experiments and the engine speed was varied from 1500 rpm up to 3000 rpm with the 500 rpm increment. Dynapack chassis dynamometer was used to perform the performance data while Autocheck gas/smoke analyzer and Drager were used to obtain the emissions data. Increased of load and biodiesel fuel temperature promotes more rapid engine performance but exhibit relatively small variations in emissions production.