Mohamed Alkhatim Alsammani

Prevalence of endometriosis among adolescent school girls with severe dysmenorrhea: A cross sectional prospective study.

OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of endometriosis among adolescent school girls with severe dysmenorrhea. METHODOLOGY Data was collected via interviewed questionnaire. Patients with symptoms and signs suggestive of endometriosis were further evaluated by abdominal ultrasonography (AUS), serum cancer antigen 125 (CA125). Laparoscopy was done for confirmation in those who agreed. Those who declined laparoscopy were offered magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS A total number of 654 adolescents were interviewed. Their mean age was 15.2 ± 3.53 SD years. The mean duration of cycles and flow days was 29 ± 8.4 SD and 4 ± 2.8 SD respectively. The age of menarche in years was 13 ± 1.2 SD. Cycles were regular in 77.4 % (n=506) while irregular in 22.6 % (n=148). Of all studied girls, 48.9% (n=320) had menstrual pain of varying degree of severity. Severe dysmenorrhea was reported in 68.8 % (n=220/320) of them. Fifty six of these cases (25.5 %) had ultrasound findings suggestive of endometriosis. CA125 was elevated in 41.5 % (n= 27/56) of them. Patients accepted laparoscopic confirmations were 34, of them 79.4%, (n=27) had positive histo-pathological evidence of endometriosis. MRI was offered to those declined laparoscopy (n=22). Endometriosis was suggested in 77.3% of them. CONCLUSION The study concluded the prevalence of endometriosis in adolescents with severe dysmenorrhea was 12.3 % despite some declined laparoscopy. The unacceptability of laparoscopy and unfeasibility of local examination and trans-vaginal ultrasound add more to the difficulty of diagnosis.

Bacterial uropathogens isolates and antibiograms in children under 5 years of age.

Background: Childhood urinary infections are among the most common febrile illnesses occurring during this period with varying susceptibility to antibiotic. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify uropathogens responsible to for urinarytract infection (UTIs) in children less than 5 years of age, and determine the antibiograms of the isolates to commonly used antibiotics. Patients and methods: Hundred and four children (2 months - 5 years old) seen at the Gadarif Teaching Hospital from January 2012 and December 2013 were evaluated. A urine specimen was obtained by a plastic bag with an adhesive backing around an opening or by direct voiding into sterile container. Urine was examined microscopically and those with significant pyuria and bacteruria were further cultured and microorganisms were identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Results: Out of 304 children suffering from UTIs; 145(47.7%) had significant pyuria of them; 54(17.8 %) had positive bacterial growth. The frequency of sex and residency were almost the same. E. coli (42.6%) was the most common uropathogen, sensitive to ciprofloxacin (91.3%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.6%) sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (75%)and Norofloxacin (68.8%), Klebsiellapneumoniae (18.5%) sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Norofloxacin and Nalidixic acid (90%) and Proteus mirabilis sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Norofloxacin (90%), Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (Augmentin(80%). Conclusion: The most common uropathogens were E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Klebsiellapneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. Ciprofloxacin is the recommended initial empirical therapy while awaiting the culture and sensitivity results.

PREGNANCY OUTCOME IN WOMEN WITH THREATENED MISCARRIAGE: A YEAR STUDY

Introduction: Patients with threatened miscarriage associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes because of associated pregnancy and labor complications. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of threatened miscarriage on early and late pregnancy outcome. Methods: A retrospective case–controlled study was performed on 89 women with threatened miscarriage (study group) at Maternity and Children Hospital Buraidah, KSA from January 2010 to December 2010. They were matched for age and parity to 45 cases (control group) attending route antenatal clinic at the same time. Data recorded included, demographic characteristics and detailed pregnancy outcome and ultrasound finding including gestational age, cardiac activity and subchorionic hematoma. Results: The overall adverse pregnancy outcome was significantly higher in the studied cases compared to the control group (p=015).The miscarriage rate was significantly higher in study group compared to the controls group, (16.9%vs 2.2%, p=0000). Preterm delivery, babies with low birth weight and premature rupture of membranes were significantly higher in the miscarriage group compared to the controls group, (15.7% vs 2.2%, p=0.001), (15.7% vs 2.2%), p=0.001) and (6.7%) vs 4.45), p=0.016). There were no significant differences in other pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion: threatened miscarriage is associated with increased incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome. The risk is specially increased in premature rupture of the membranes, preterm delivery and neonatal birth weight.

Co‐infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Clostridium perfringens in a postpartum woman with uterine gas gangrene: A case report

Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii. We report a case of Toxoplasma gondii and Clostridium perfringens co‐infection complicating uterine gas gangrene following a term pregnancy. The histological examination of the necrotic uterine tissues and uterine swab cultures obtained at laparotomy revealed T. gondii and C. perfringens, respectively. Treatment was administered with bactericidal activity against both pathogens and the patient had an uneventful post‐operative recovery. Although there have been some cases that have documented an association between toxoplasmosis and non‐uterine C. perfringens infection, such a relationship has not been established. It is of interest to determine if the presence of both organisms can explain the severe myonecrosis that occurs in some cases of uterine gas gangrene.

Risks and indications for cesarean sections in primiparous women: A case-control study

Objective: The objective of the following study is to determine the indications and risks for cesarean section (CS) among primiparous women. Materials and Methods: This register-based study was conducted from January to December 2011, at the Maternity and Childrens Hospital, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia. The total number of primiparous women who delivered during the study period was 1146. Of the 367 who delivered by CS, 13 multiple pregnancies were excluded from the study. The remaining 354 women that comprised the study group were compared with 354 primiparous women who had delivered vaginally during the same period (control group). Logistic regression analysis was used to compare selected variables for the risk of CS. Results: Of the total 1146 primiparous women who had delivered during the study period, 32% (n = 367) underwent CS, with most (71.7%, n = 263) undergoing an emergency CS. Common indications for CS were fetal distress (30%, n = 110), breech presentation (19.3%, n = 71), failure of labor progression (18.8%, n = 69), and failure to induce labor (11.7%, n = 43). Logistic regression analysis showed that the rate of CS increased significantly in association with lower maternal age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.868, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1383-2.523, P < 0.0001) and a fetal weight of ≥4 kg (OR = 3.491, 95% CI = 2.082-5.854, P < 0.0001). No fetal or maternal mortality was reported. Conclusion: This study shows that the cesarean section rate (CSR) is increasing. Common indications for CS were fetal distress, breech presentation in labor, failed induction of labor, and failure to progress. This increase in the CSR was significantly associated with younger maternal age (≤22 years) and a fetal birth weight ≥4 kg.

Sero-epidemiology and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Arab and African countries.

Abstract The epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy is a major issue for public health. Primary infection in pregnant women can lead to serious sequelae. This review examined current sero-epidemiology and risks factor data for Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in Arab and African countries. A systematic electronic search of published literature was conducted. Data were extracted from relevant studies. Seropositivity is high in both regions. African countries have higher seropositivity than Arab countries due to differences in risk factors. Data on T. gondii infection in pregnancy are scant in many countries, especially where there is lack of political stability. Identified risk factors included eating raw meat, proximity with cats, undercooked food, and increasing maternal age. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy in Arab and African countries is an underestimated health problem. Further research is needed. This report is a foundation for strategies and policies for intervention needed to combat the consequences of congenital toxoplasmosis.

Puerperal Sepsis in a Rural Hospital in Sudan

Background: Increasingly, women in rural areas in Sudan reported to hospital with puerperal infections. Aims: This study was design to identify the common pathogens causing puerperal infections and their susceptibility to current antibiotics. Subjects and methods: We prospectively studied 170 women from January, 2011 through January 2012 attended Hussein Mustafa Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology at Gadarif State, Sudan. We included patients if they met the criteria proposed by the WHO for definition of maternal sepsis. Blood was collected on existing infection guidelines for clean practice and equipments. Results: Out of the 170 samples, 124 (72.9%) were pathogen-positive samples. Out the 124 positive cases, aerobes were the predominant isolates 77 (62.1 %%) which included Staph.aureus 49 (39.5%), Staph. epidemics 7 (5.6%) and Listeria monocytogenes 21 (16.9%). The anaerobes isolates were Clostridium perfringens 34 (27.4 %) and Entrobactor cloacae 13 (10.5%). Standard biochemical test were for bacterial isolation. Higher rate of infections followed vaginal delivery compared to Cesarean section 121 (97.6%), 3 (2.5%) respectively. All strains of Staph were sensitive to Vancomycin, Gentamicin and Ceftriaxone. C. perfringens were sensitive to Ceftriaxone, Penicillins, Vancomycin and Metronidazole, while E. cloacae were sensitive to Gentamicin and Ceftriaxone. Conclusion: Despite the limited resources in the developing countries, treatment based on cultures remains the only solution to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality rates following puerperal infections.

Microbial profile in women with puerperal sepsis in Gadarif State, Eastern Sudan

Background: Increasingly, women in rural areas in Sudan reported to hospital with puerperal sepsis. Aims: This study was design to identify the common pathogens causing puerperal sepsis and their susceptibility to current antibiotics. Materials and Methods: We prospectively studied 170 women from January 2011 through December 2012 who attended Hussein Mustafa Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology at Gadarif State, Sudan. We included patients if they met the criteria proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for definition of puerperal sepsis. Results: Out of the 170 patients, 124 (72.9%) were pathogen-positive samples. Out of 124 positive isolates, aerobes were the predominant isolates 77 (62.1%) which included Staphylococcus aureus 49 (39.5%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 7(5.6%), and Listeria monocytogenes 21 (16.9%). The anaerobe isolates were Clostridium perfringens 34 (27.4%) and Enterobactor cloacae 13 (10.5%). Standard biochemical test were for bacterial isolation. Higher rate of infections followed vaginal delivery compared to Cesarean section, 121 (97.6%) and 3 (2.5%), respectively. All strains of Staph were sensitive to vancomycin, gentamicin, and ceftriaxone. C. perfringens were sensitive to ceftriaxone, penicillin, vancomycin, and metronidazole, while E. cloacae was sensitive to gentamicin and ceftriaxone. Conclusion: In this study, the main bacteriological isolates were S. aureus, S. epidermidis, L. monocytogenes, C. perfringens, and E. cloacae. Despite the limited resources in the developing countries, treatment based on cultures remains the only solution to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality rates following puerperal sepsis.

Histopathological Pattern and Age Distribution, of Malignant Ovarian Tumor among Sudanese Ladies

INTRODUCTION: Ovarian cancer is the cause of a high case-fatality ratio, and most of the cases are diagnosed in late stages. OBJECTIVES: To determine the histopathological types, age distribution, and ovarian tumour stages among diagnosed with ovarian cancer at Al - Amal Tower a multi-referral polyclinic of Radiology & Isotope Center Khartoum (RICK), Sudan. METHODS: All histopathology reports patients’ case from January to June 2015 were reviewed. The cancers classified according to federation international of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO). RESULTS: There were 127 cases of ovarian cancers. Surface epithelial cancers were the most common 77.7% (n = 98), followed by sex cord-stromal cancers 11.23% (n = 14), Germ cell tumor 1.6% (n = 2). Metastatic cancers were seen from colon and breast in 6.3% and 3.9 % of cases respectively. Few cases (14%) of ovarian cancers were reported before 40 years of age, after the age of 50 is a sharp increase in the incidence of a tumour. The mean age at presentation was 52.36 ± 14.210 years, there is mean age of menarche 13.59 ± 2.706 years. Very few patients used HRT (1.6%) or had been on ovulation induction treatment (8.7%). Most of patients 39 (30.7%) presented in stage IIIC, and stage 1V 32 (25.2%) indicating a poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: The incidence of different types of ovarian cancers in the present study is similar to worldwide incidence. The surface epithelial tumour is the commonest ovarian cancer, of which serous adenocarcinoma is the commonest and most of our patients present in late stages.

Factors associated with folic acid knowledge and intake among pregnant women in Sudan

Preconceptual folic acid use is known to have a protective effect against neural tube defects (NTDs). This study assessed knowledge and determinants of awareness on folic acid use among pregnant women at Omdurman Maternity Hospital, Sudan during 2014. The standardized, anonymous questionnaire was used to collect data. Almost 80% of respondents had heard of folic acid. College-educated women (92.2%) knew more about folic acid and used it more often in the pre-conceptual period (8.3%). Doctors were the commonest source of information on folic acid (62%). Fewer subjects (8.9%) knew that it prevented birth defects, and 33.8% of subjects knew that green leafy vegetables are a source of folic acid. Of all subjects, only 3.2% use it preconceptually. Supplementation of folic acid preconceptually needs to be addressed in order to reduce the rate of NTDs found in Sudan.