Mohamed Bakr Amin

Weather-Induced Degradation of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene: Mechanical Properties

Abstract Plastics degrade through the influence of such factors as the suns radiation, temperature, humidity, rain, the oxygen content of the air, and atmospheric pollutants. The most deleterious of these effects is radiation, which is responsible for breaking up polymer chains. The sun emits a complete spectrum of energy radiation, with waves similar in physical structure but varying in length and therefore in photon energy. Wavelength has an inverse relationship to quantum energy, as shown in Fig. 1.

Generalized kinematic viscosity—temperature correlation for undefined petroleum fractions

Abstract A generalized kinematic viscosity—temperature correlation for undefined liquid petroleum fractions has been developed to represent the data for a wid 200 and 850 °F. The only characterization properties required for estimation are the API gravity and 50% boiling point. Detailed analysis shows that

Kuwaiti oil fires : air quality monitoring

Abstract Just before the Gulf War was concluded in early March 1991, more than 700 wells in Kuwaiti oil fields were set on fire. About 6 million barrels per day of oil were lost in flames and a large number of pools and lakes were formed. Burning wells in Kuwait emitted several thousand tons of gases such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and the oxides of nitrogen, as well as particulate matter, on a daily basis containing partially burned hydrocarbons and metals, all of which were potential for affecting human health and vegetation growth. This paper summarizes the real-time measurements of various gaseous pollutants in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia in Dhahran, Abqaiq, Rahimah, Jubail and Tanajib. The statistics on monthly variation of gaseous pollutants showed that pollution concentration in general was high in May 1991. The levels of typical pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in the ambient air were much lower than the permissible limits defined in the Meteorology and Environmental Protection Agency (MEPA) standards. The pollutants measured during the Kuwaiti Oil Fires were compared with the corresponding values measured in the previous year. The comparison shows that although the concentration of gaseous pollutants were within the MEPA limits, during the period of oil well fires, the concentration level increased persistently which might have been harmful for human health. The harmful effects of the major pollutants on human health and vegetation are also briefly discussed in the paper.

Kuwaiti oil fires—Particulate monitoring

Abstract The total suspended particulate (TSP) matters using a high-volume sampler and inhalable particulate matters using PM-10 samplers were collected at various locations in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia during and after the Kuwaiti oil fires. The collected samples were analysed for toxic metals and oil hydrocarbon concentrations including some carcinogenic organic compounds in addition to gravimetric analysis. The concentration values of particulate matters were determined on a daily basis at Dhahran. Abqaiq, Rahima, Tanajib and Jubail locations. The analyses of the filters show a high concentration of the inhalable particulate at various locations, especially when north or northwest winds were blowing. It was found that the inhalable particulate concentration exceeded the Meteorology and Environmental Protection Administration (MEPA) permissible limit of 340 μg m− 3 at most of these locations during May–October 1991. A trend between the total suspended particulate and inhalable particulate measured concurrently at the same locations was observed and a regression equation was developed to correlate PM-10 data with the total suspended particulate data.

Weather-Induced Degradation of LLDPE: Calorimetric Analysis

Abstract Studies of polymer degradation over the past decade have increasingly been carried out using thermoanalytical methods. These methods involve the measurement of a convenient variable during a gradual, linear increase in temperature. The most widely used of these techniques are thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The morphology of a polymer sample (i.e., the crystallinity, shape and size of the crystals, the structure of the surface of the crystals, and the strain of amorphous regions) influences the heat content and its dependence on temperature. The latter can be satisfactorily investigated by calorimetry measurement in a differential scanning calorimeter.

CHARACTERIZATION of ARAB MEDIUM CRUDE FRACTIONS WITH EMPHASIS ON KINEMATIC VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR

ABSTRACT Characterization of Arab medium Crude Oil, has been carried out in terms of API gravity, debutanized crude gravity, total sulfur content, Reid vapour pressure ash content, heating value, salt content, viscosity SUS, vanadium content as V2O5, pour point and analysis of various metals. Further, six true boiling point (TBP) fractions (IBP-95°C, 95-205°C, 205-260°C, 260-345°C, 345-455°C and 455°C+) of this crude were characterized in terms of API gravity, total sulfur contents H2S content, mercaptons content, molecular weight, elemental analyse; for total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, analyses of various metals and paraffin, aromatic and naphthene contents of lighter fractions. The kinematic viscosity-temperature data have been obtained for 95°C+ TBP fractions for a wide range of temperatures.

GENERALIZED KINEMATIC VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURECORRELATION FOR UNDEFINED PETROLEUM FRACTIONS OF IBP – 95°C TO 455°C+ BOILING RANGES

ABSTRACT A generalized kinematic viscosity-temperature correlation for undefined petroleum fractions of all boiling ranges including 455+°C fractions have been developed to represent the data for a wide range of temperature from 30 to 200°C. The correlation is based on experimental kinematic viscosity data for twenty TBP fractions of Arab heavy, Arab medium, Arab light and Arab extra-light crude oils. The proposed correlation has been found to fit all the eperimental data consisting of 248 measurements of the kinematic viscosity with an overall average absolute deviation of 9.07% compared to 15.47% given by ASTM method.

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR OF HEAVY TBP-FRACTIONS (455°C+) OF ARABIAN CRUDE OILS

ABSTRACT A generalized kinematic viscosity-temperature correlation for undefined liquid heavy petroleum fractions has been developed to represent the data for a wide range of temperature from 100°C to 200°C. The correlation is based on the experimental kinematic viscosity data of true boiling point fractions of four Arabian crude oils. The characterization property required for estimation is 50% boiling point. The proposed correlation fits the experimental data with an overall absolute error of 6.1%. Experimental measurements of kinematic viscosity of heavy true boiling point fractions of Arabian crude oils were also obtained in order to develop the proposed correlation.

Arab light crude study focuses on kinematic viscosity

ABSTRACT Arab light crude oil has been characterized in terms of API gravity, total sulfur content, Reid vapor pressure, ash content, heating value, salt content, viscosity SUS, vanadium content as V2O5, pour point and analyses of various metals. The crude oil was fractionated into six true boiling point (TBP) fractions (IBP-95°C, 95-205°C, 205-260°C, 260-345°C, 345-455°C and 455°C+). These fractions were characterized in terms of API gravity, total sulfur, H2S, mercaptan contents, molecular weight, elemental analyses for total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, and analyses of various metals. The kinematic viscosity data have been obtained for 95°C+ TBP fractions for a wide range of temperature up to 200°C.

Challenges, Technology and Success in Extinguishing Kuwaiti Well Fires

The chapter provides an overview of the damage to Kuwaits economic infrastructure due to various factors such as military expenses, reconstruction, and rehabilitation (estimated to be above US