Mohamed Farhat

Effect of Flow Diverter Porosity on Intraaneurysmal Blood Flow

AbstractBackground and Purpose:Growth and rupture, the two events that dominate the evolution of an intracranial aneurysm, are both dependent on intraaneurysmal flow. Decrease of intraaneurysmal flow is considered an attractive alternative for treating intracranial aneurysms by minimally invasive techniques. Such modification can be achieved by inserting stents or flow diverters alone. In the present paper, the effect of different commercial and innovative flow diverters’ porosity was studied in intracranial aneurysm models.Material and Methods:Single and stent-in-stent combination of Neuroform II as well as single and stent-in-stent combination of a new innovative, low-porosity, intracranial stent device (D1, D2, D1 + D2) were inserted in models of intracranial aneurysms under shear-driven flow and inertia-driven flow configurations. Steady and pulsating flow rates were applied using a blood-like fluid. Particle image velocimetry was used to measure velocity vector fields in the aneurysm midplane along the vessel axis. Flow and vorticity patterns, velocity and vorticity magnitudes were quantified and their value compared with the same flows in absence of the flow diverter.Results:In absence of flow diverters, a solid-like rotation could be observed in both shear-driven and inertia-driven models under steady and pulsatile flow conditions. The flow effects due to the insertion of low-porous devices such as D1 or D2 provoked a complete alteration of the flow patterns and massive reduction of velocity or vorticity magnitudes, whereas the introduction of clinically adopted high-porous devices provoked less effect in the aneurysm cavity. As expected, results showed that the lower the porosity the larger the reduction in velocity and vorticity within the aneurysm cavity. The lowest-porosity device combination (D1 and D2) reached an averaged reduction of flow parameters of 80% and 88% under steady and pulsatile flow conditions, respectively. The reduction in mean velocity and vorticity was much more significant in the shear-driven flows as compared to the inertia-driven flows.Conclusion:Although device porosity is the main parameter influencing flow reduction, other parameters such as device design and local flow conditions may influence the level of flow reduction within intracranial aneurysms.ZusammenfassungHintergrund und Ziel:Die zwei wichtigsten Faktoren für die Entwicklung intrazerebraler Aneurysmen, nämlich Wachstum und Ruptur, hängen vom intraaneurysmatischen Blutfluss ab. Eine Verminderung des intraaneurysmatischen Blutflusses durch minimalinvasive Techniken wird als attraktive Behandlungsmethode erachtet. Eine solche Modifikation des Blutflusses kann durch das Einbringen eines Stents oder „flow diverter“ allein erzielt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchten die Autoren den Effekt der Porosität verschiedener handelsüblicher und innovativer „flow diverters“ an Modellen intrakranieller Aneurysmen.Material und Methodik:Sowohl einzelne oder Stent-in-Stent-Kombinationen des Neuroform II (NF) als auch einzelne oder Stent-in-Stent-Kombinationen von neuen innovativen, niedrigporösen intrakraniellen Stents (D1, D2, D1 + D2) wurden in Modellen intrakranieller Aneurysmen mit Eigenschaften von „shear-driven“ und „inertia-driven“ Fluss platziert. Flächen mit Geschwindigkeitsvektoren in der mittleren Ebene des Aneurysmas parallel zur Achse des Gefäßes wurden mit Hilfe der „particle image velocimetry“ (PIV) ermittelt. Eigenschaften von Fluss und Verwirbelungen, Geschwindigkeit und Ausmaß von Verwirbelungen wurden gemessen und mit Messwerten des gleichen Modells ohne „flow diverter“ verglichen.Ergebnisse:Ohne „flow diverter“ konnte eine beständige Rotation in beiden – „shear-driven“ und „inertia-driven“ – Flussmodellen beobachtet werden. Die Auswirkungen nach Platzierung eines niedrigporösen Modells wie D1 oder D2 riefen eine komplette Änderung der Flusseigenschaften und eine massive Verringerung der Geschwindigkeit und des Ausmaßes von Verwirbelungen hervor, wohingegen die Platzierung klinisch angewendeter hochporöser Modelle geringere Auswirkungen auf die Kavität des Aneurysmas hatte. Erwartungsgemäß haben die Ergebnisse gezeigt: Je kleiner die Porosität ist, desto größer sind die Auswirkungen auf Blutflussgeschwindigkeit und Verwirbelungen im Aneurysma. Die Kombination mit der geringsten Porosität (D1 und D2) erzielte eine durchschnittliche Reduktion der Flussparameter um 80% bzw. 88% bei konstanten und pulsatilen Flüssen. Die Verminderung von mittlerer Geschwindigkeit und von Verwirbelungen war beim „shear-driven“ Fluss deutlich signifikanter als beim „inertia-driven“ Fluss.Schlussfolgerung:Obwohl die Porosität der wichtigste Parameter zur Senkung des Flusses ist, können andere Parameter wie das Design des jeweiligen Modells oder lokale Flusseigenschaften die Wirksamkeit der Flussreduktion in intrakraniellen Aneurysmen beeinflussen.

Experimental Evidence of Rotating Stall in a Pump-Turbine at Off-Design Conditions in Generating Mode

An experimental investigation of the rotating stall in reduced scale model of a low specific speed radial pump-turbine at runaway and turbine brake conditions in generating mode is achieved. Measurements of wall pressure in the stator are performed along with high-speed flow visualizations in the vaneless gap with the help of air bubbles injection. When starting from the best efficiency point (BEP) and increasing the impeller speed, a significant increase of the pressure fluctuations is observed mainly in the wicket gates channels. The spectral analysis shows a rise of a low frequency component (about 70% of the impeller rotational frequency) at runaway, which further increases as the zero discharge condition is approached. Analysis of the instantaneous pressure peripheral distribution in the vaneless gap reveals one stall cell rotating with the impeller at sub-synchronous speed. High-speed movies reveal a quite uniform flow pattern in the guide vanes channels at the normal operating range, whereas at runaway the flow is highly disturbed by the rotating stall passage. The situation is even more critical at very low positive discharge, where backflow and vortices in the guide vanes channels develop during the stall cell passage. A specific image processing technique is applied to reconstruct the rotating stall evolution in the entire guide vanes circumference for a low positive discharge operating point. The findings of this study suggest that one stall cell rotates with the impeller at sub-synchronous velocity in the vaneless gap between the impeller and the guide vanes. It is the result of rotating flow separations developed in several consecutive impeller channels which lead to their blockage.

Flow in a Pelton Turbine Bucket: Numerical and Experimental Investigations

The flow model used for the numerical simulations is based on the generalized homogeneous multiphase flow model developed by Ishii 15, with the additional sources of momentum for the effects of the Coriolis and centrifugal accelerations in a steady rotating frame of reference. The governing equations are described below

Cavitation Influence on von Kármán Vortex Shedding and Induced Hydrofoil Vibrations

The present study deals with the shedding process of the von Karman vortices at the trailing edge of a 2D hydrofoil at high Reynolds number. This research focuses mainly on the effects of cavitation and fluid-structure interaction on the mechanism of the vortex generation. The vortex shedding frequency, derived from the flow-induced vibration measurement, is found to follow the Strouhal law provided that no hydrofoil resonance frequencies are excited, i.e., lock-off. For such a regime, the von Karman vortices exhibit strong spanwise 3D instabilities and the cavitation inception index is linearly dependent on the square root of the Reynolds number. In the case of resonance, the vortex shedding frequency is locked onto the hydrofoil eigenfrequency and the spatial coherence is enhanced with a quasi-2D shape. The measurements of the hydrofoil wall velocity amplitude and phase reveal the first torsion eigenmotion. In this case, the cavitation inception index is found to be significantly increased compared to lock-off conditions. It makes clear that the vortex roll-up is amplified by the phase locked vibrations of the trailing edge. For the cavitation inception index, a new correlation relationship that encompasses the entire range of Reynolds numbers, including both the lock-off and the lock-in cases, is proposed and validated. In contrast to the earlier models, the new correlation takes into account the trailing edge displacement velocity. In addition, it is found that the transverse velocity of the trailing edge increases the vortex strength linearly. This effect is important in the context of the fluid-structure interaction, since it implies that the velocity of the hydrofoil trailing edge increases the fluctuating forces on the body. It is also demonstrated that cavitation developing in the vortex street cannot be considered as a passive agent for the turbulent wake flow. In fact, for fully developed cavitation, the vortex shedding frequency increases up to 15%, which is accompanied by the increase of the vortex advection velocity and reduction of the streamwise vortex spacing. In addition, a significant increase of the vortex-induced vibration level is found at cavitation onset. These effects are addressed and thought to be a result of the increase of the vorticity by cavitation.

One-Dimensional Analysis of Full Load Draft Tube Surge

One-dimensional stability analysis of a hydraulic system composed of a penstock, a runner and a draft tube was carried out to determine the cause of the full load draft tube surge. It is assumed that the cavity volume at the runner exit is a function of the pressure at the vortex core evaluated from the instantaneous local pressure at the runner exit and an additional pressure decrease due to the centrifugal force on the swirling flow. It was found that the diffuser effect of the draft tube has a destabilizing effect over all flow rates while the swirl effects stabilize/destabilize the system at larger/smaller flow rates than the swirl free flow rate. Explanations of the destabilizing mechanism are given for the diffuser and swirl flow effects. The effect of finiteness of sound velocity in the penstock is also discussed

Flat lens for pulse focusing of elastic waves in thin plates

Flat lens concept based on negative refraction proposed by Veselago in 1968 has been mostly investigated in monochromatic regime. It was recently recognized that time development of the super-lensing effect discovered in 2000 by Pendry is yet to be assessed and may spring surprises: Time-dependent illumination could improve the spatial resolution of the focusing. We investigate dynamics of flexural wave focusing by a 45\degre-tilted square lattice of circular holes drilled in a Duraluminium plate. Time-resolved experiments reveal that the focused image shrinks with time below diffraction limit, with a lateral resolution increasing from 0.8

Particle Imaging Velocimetry Evaluation of Intracranial Stents in Sidewall Aneurysm: Hemodynamic Transition Related to the Stent Design

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Surface wave dynamics in orbital shaken cylindrical containers

to 0.35

High-speed flow visualization in a pump-turbine under off-design operating conditions

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Methodologies to assess blood flow in cerebral aneurysms: current state of research and perspectives.

, whereas focusing under harmonic excitation remains diffraction limited. Modal analysis reveals the role in pulse reconstruction of radiating lens resonances, which repeatedly self-synchronize at the focal spot to shape a super-oscillating field.The ability of left-handed materials to overcome the diffraction limit was first considered as one of the most exciting and challenging outcomes of the negative refraction concept. Flat lens focusing of elastic waves is, however, a challenge. We demonstrate broadband focusing of elastic waves at 10 kHz carrier frequency, below the first stop band, in a 45°-tilted square array of circular air holes perforated in a Duraluminium thin plate. By adjusting the relative thickness of the outer plate we achieve large-angle negative refraction with diffraction-limited lateral resolution. We find good agreement with a simple beam-lattice model and finite-difference time-domain simulations.