Mohamed Ibrahim Abu Hassan

Effect of andrographis paniculata leaf extract on wound healing in rats

This work was carried out to study the effect of topical application of Andrographis paniculata on the rate of wound enclosure and its histological features. A wound was created in four groups of rat in posterior neck region. Blank placebo was applied topically to the wounds of Group 1. Groups 2 and 3 were dressed with placebo containing 5% and 10% extracts of A. paniculata, respectively. Intrasite gel was applied topically to the wounds of Group 4. Macroscopical examination revealed that the rate of wound healing was significantly accelerated in the wound dressed with A. paniculata extract compared to the blank placebo. The wounds dressed with 10% extract or Intrasite gel healed earlier compared to the wounds dressed with placebo containing 5% A. paniculata extract. Histologically, wounds dressed with A. paniculata extracts showed markedly less scar width and contained large amounts of fibroblast proliferation. More collagen and less angiogenesis with absence of inflammatory cells were seen for wounds dressed with 10% A. paniculata compared to the blank placebo. Conclusion, A. paniculata extracts significantly enhanced rate of wound healing in rats.

Cytokine Profile in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with and without Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

To investigate the cytokine profile as biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with and without obesity, MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and SCOPUS databases were combined with handsearching of articles published from 1977 up to May 2016 using relevant MeSH terms. Meta-analyses were conducted separately for each of the cytokines: resistin, adiponectin, TNF-α, leptin, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β. Forest plots were produced reporting standardized mean difference of outcomes and 95% confidence intervals. Eleven studies were included. Three studies showed comparable levels of leptin among obese and nonobese patients with CP. Four studies reported comparable levels of interleukin- (IL-) 6 and resistin whereas five studies reported comparable levels of adiponectin. Two studies reported similar levels of CRP in patients with periodontitis with and without obesity. One study showed higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in obese patients with CP. One study showed higher levels of IL-1β and IL-8 in obese patients with CP. The level of localized periodontal inflammation may have a greater influence on the GCF proinflammatory biomarker levels as compared to systemic obesity. Whether patients having chronic periodontitis with obesity have elevated proinflammatory GCF biomarkers levels compared to nonobese individuals remains debatable.

Assessment of dental caries predictors in 6-year-old school children - results from 5-year retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThis was a retrospective cohort study undertaken to assess the rate and pattern of dental caries development in 6-year-old school children followed-up for a period of 5 years, and to identify baseline risk factors that were associated with 5 years caries experience in Malaysian children.MethodsThis 5-years retrospective cohort study comprised primary school children initially aged 6 years in 2004. Caries experience of each child was recorded annually using World Health Organization criteria. The rates of dental caries were recorded in prevalence and incidence density of carious lesions from baseline to final examination. Risk assessment was done to assess relative risk for caries after 5 years in children with baseline caries status. Simple and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to identify significant independent risk factors for caries.ResultsThe sample consisted of 1830 school children. All components of DMFT showed significant differences between baseline and final examination. Filled teeth (FT) component of the DMFT showed the greatest increases. Results revealed the initial baseline caries level in permanent dentition was a strong predictor for future caries after 5 years (RR=3.78, 95% CI=3.48-4.10, P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed significant association between caries occurrence and residence (urban/rural) (OR=1.80, P<0.001). However, it was not significantly associated with gender and ethnicity. The incidence density of caries, affected persons (IDp) observed from baseline and after 5 years was 5.80 persons/100 person-year of observation. The rate of new caries-affected tooth (IDt) in the period from baseline and after 5-years was 0.76 teeth/100 teeth-year of observation.ConclusionThe majority of 12-year-old school children (70%) were caries-free and most of the caries were concentrated in only a small proportion (30%) of them. We found that the presence of caries in permanent teeth at the age of 6 years was a strong predictor of future caries development in this population. The strong evidence of early permanent teeth caries at six years old to predict future caries incidence at 12-year-olds, which could be obtained at almost no cost, questions the need for and cost-effectiveness of expensive technology-based commercial caries predictions kits.

Longitudinal Study of Dental Caries Increment in Malaysian School Children: A 5-Year Cohort Study

The aim of this 5-year longitudinal cohort study was to assess the prevalence, severity, and trends in caries increment and impact of the School Dental Incremental Care Programme (SDICP). Data were gathered from school dental records as part of the SDICP. A sample of 1830 children were included and checked for caries experience annually using World Health Organization criteria. In total, 95.4% of the children were caries free in 2004, and caries experience declined to 70.5% in 2009 with an average of 4.9% annually. At baseline, the mean DMFT (confidence interval [CI]) was 0.06 (0.05-0.08) and increased to 0.58 (0.53-0.63) in 2009. Children with active caries were 4.4% in 2004, and figures rose to 9.6% in 2009. The FT component increased most rapidly during these 5 years from 0.2% to 25.1%. Overall caries prevalence and increment was low in this study. Proportions of FT component were higher as compared with DT component with low rate of extractions during the latter years of the study.

Effect of mouthwash extracted from Miswak (Salvadora Persica) on periodontal pathogenic bacteria an in-vitro study

Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Miswak extracts on periodontal pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: Miswak sticks were grounded to fine powder and then ethanol and aqueous extraction were formulated. Chlorhexidine (Oradex) mouth wash used as positive control and sterilized distal water used as negative control. Dental biofilm bacteria investigated including Eikenella corrodens, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus salivariu. All bacteria cultured in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar. Single pure colonies of bacteria were transferred into fresh BHI broth and incubated overnight. Bacterial counting was done by using Colony Forming Unit (CFU). Antibacterial activities were determined using bacteria grown on Mueller Hinton II agar by Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) test and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) test. Bacterial morphological alterations following treatment with Miswak extracts, Oradex and distilled water investigated under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at 3500x, 10000x and 20000x magnifications. Results: MIC tests showed that Miswak ethanol extract mouthwash only require 25%w/v to inhibit growth of a fixed amount (0.2ml) of bacteria S.constellatus, S.salivarius and E.corrodens while S. mutans and S.sanguis only require 15% w/v Miswak ethanol extract to inhibit its growth, while aqueous extract at 50% w/v concentration did not inhibit any bacterial growth. MBC results revealed that 50% w/v ethanol Miswak extract mouthwash inhibited 100% of bacteria growth. However, 50% w/v aqueous Miswak extract mouthwash inhibited 20–60% of the bacterial growth. Under SEM ethanolic extract of Miswak and Oradex produced obvious alterations to the bacterial morphology while no changes were observed after treatment with aqueous Miswak extract. Conclusion: Miswak ethanol extract has stronger antibacterial action against periodontal pathogenic bacteria, it can be proposed as a good alternative mouthwash to control and inhibit periodontal pathogenic bacteria.

A systematic review on antibacterial activity of zinc against Streptococcus mutans

Objectives The aim of this study was to systematically review the growth inhibition effectiveness of zinc against Streptococcus mutans. The main question was, “Does the zinc inhibit the growth of oral Streptococcus mutans in vitro? Methods Literature search on PubMed, Medline, and science direct databases was carried out for in vitro studies published in English from 1990 to 2016, and the reported outcomes of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), zone of inhibition (ZOI) and bacterial count method using colony forming unit (CFU) were used to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of zinc. Results Seventeen studies were included in this review. Seven studies reported MIC and MBC. Four studies reported ZOI, and eight studies reported CFU. MIC values using zinc chloride and zinc oxide nanoparticles were ranged from 0.025 to 0.2 mM and 0.390 to 500 ± 306.18 µg/ml respectively. MBC values using zinc oxide nanoparticles have ranged from 3.125 to 500 µg/ml. ZOI ranged from no inhibition zone to 21 ± 1.4 mm using 23.1% zinc oxide. A considerable reduction in the bacterial count was reported after adding zinc. However, only two studies have reported no inhibitory effect of zinc. Conclusion This review indicated a significant growth inhibition effectiveness of zinc even at lower concentrations which indicate it’s safely to be used in oral health products.

Buccal cortical bone thickness in different sagittal skeletal relationship

Abstract Purpose To assess buccal cortical bone thickness of the alveolar process in the maxilla and mandible in subjects with different skeletal relationship as an aid in orthodontic miniscrew placement. Materials and methods The study was carried out using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 94 adult subjects with skeletal Class I, II or III sagittal relationship and normal mandibular plane angle. Buccal cortical bone thickness was obtained at the alveolar processes from canine to second molar at 2 different vertical levels (6, and 8 mm) from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse differences in cortical bone thickness. Results The difference in mean values of buccal Cortical thickness was significant between the three skeletal classes in both arches and all sites except for the site between first and second mandibular molars (P < 0.05). In the mandible, buccal cortical plate was thickest between first and second molar in all skeletal classes. In the maxilla, the highest cortical bone thickness for Class I subjects was between first and second molar, for Class II subjects was between canine and first premolar, and for Class III subjects was between first and second premolar. Mandibular measurements increase apically and posteriorly in all skeletal classes. Conclusions Buccal cortical bone thickness could be influenced by skeletal relationship. The mandible shows a similar pattern for all skeletal classes. In the maxilla each skeletal relationship shows a different pattern. Skeletal relationship need to be considered in site choice for miniscrew placement.

Effect of Luting Cements On the Bond Strength to Turkom-Cera All-Ceramic Material

BACKGROUND: The selection of the appropriate luting cement is a key factor for achieving a strong bond between prepared teeth and dental restorations. AIM: To evaluate the shear bond strength of Zinc phosphate cement Elite, glass ionomer cement Fuji I, resin-modified glass ionomer cement Fuji Plus and resin luting cement Panavia-F to Turkom-Cera all-ceramic material. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Turkom-Cera was used to form discs 10mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness (n = 40). The ceramic discs were wet ground, air - particle abraded with 50 - μm aluminium oxide particles and randomly divided into four groups (n = 10). The luting cement was bonded to Turkom-Cera discs as per manufacturer instructions. The shear bond strengths were determined using the universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The data were analysed using the tests One Way ANOVA, the nonparametric Kruskal - Wallis test and Mann - Whitney Post hoc test. RESULTS: The shear bond strength of the Elite, Fuji I, Fuji Plus and Panavia F groups were: 0.92 ± 0.42, 2.04 ± 0.78, 4.37 ± 1.18, and 16.42 ± 3.38 MPa, respectively. There was the statistically significant difference between the four luting cement tested (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: the phosphate-containing resin cement Panavia-F exhibited shear bond strength value significantly higher than all materials tested.

Reliability and validity of MicroScribe-3DXL system in comparison with radiographic cephalometric system: Angular measurements

AIM The aim of the study was to assess the reliability and validity of cephalometric variables from MicroScribe-3DXL. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven cephalometric variables (facial angle, ANB, maxillary depth, U1/FH, FMA, IMPA, FMIA) were measured by a dentist in 60 Malay subjects (30 males and 30 females) with class I occlusion and balanced face. Two standard images were taken for each subject with conventional cephalometric radiography and MicroScribe-3DXL. All the images were traced and analysed. SPSS version 2.0 was used for statistical analysis with P-value was set at P<0.05. RESULTS The results revealed a significant statistic difference in four measurements (U1/FH, FMA, IMPA, FMIA) with P-value range (0.00 to 0.03). The difference in the measurements was considered clinically acceptable. The overall reliability of MicroScribe-3DXL was 92.7% and its validity was 91.8%. CONCLUSION The MicroScribe-3DXL is reliable and valid to most of the cephalometric variables with the advantages of saving time and cost. This is a promising device to assist in diverse areas in dental practice and research.

The Effect of Denitrification in the Human Dental Biofilm on Oral Tissues

Global oral health surveys reveal that periodontal disease and dental caries affect human populations throughout the world. Denitrification plays both positive and negative roles in these disease processes by producing by-products that alter the oral environment, change the oral ecological balance, and the oral tissue immune response. Nitrate reduction may have a detrimental effect on the tooth supporting structures if the by-products of reduction are not neutralized. However, the nitrogen oxide by-products are beneficial in reducing dental caries. In this paper, we review the process of denitrification and its effect on the oral tissues.