Mohammed H. Alsharif

Survey of Green Radio Communications Networks: Techniques and Recent Advances

Energy efficiency in cellular networks has received significant attention from both academia and industry because of the importance of reducing the operational expenditures and maintaining the profitability of cellular networks, in addition to making these networks “greener.” Because the base station is the primary energy consumer in the network, efforts have been made to study base station energy consumption and to find ways to improve energy efficiency. In this paper, we present a brief review of the techniques that have been used recently to improve energy efficiency, such as energy-efficient power amplifier techniques, time-domain techniques, cell switching, management of the physical layer through multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) management, heterogeneous network architectures based on Micro-Pico-Femtocells, cell zooming, and relay techniques. In addition, this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each technique to contribute to a better understanding of each of the techniques and thereby offer clear insights to researchers about how to choose the best ways to reduce energy consumption in future green radio networks.

Evolution towards fifth generation (5G) wireless networks: Current trends and challenges in the deployment of millimetre wave, massive MIMO, and small cells

The exponential increase in mobile data traffic is considered to be a critical driver towards the new era, or 5G, of mobile wireless networks. 5G will require a paradigm shift that includes very high carrier frequency spectra with massive bandwidths, extreme base station densities, and unprecedented numbers of antennas to support the enormous increase in the volume of traffic. This paper discusses several design choices, features, and technical challenges that illustrate potential research topics and challenges for the future generation of mobile networks. This article does not provide a final solution but highlights the most promising lines of research from the recent literature in common directions for the 5G project. The potential physical layer technologies that are considered for future wireless communications include spatial multiplexing using massive multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques with millimetre-waves (mm-waves) in small cell geometries. These technologies are discussed in detail along with the areas for future research.

Classification, Recent Advances and Research Challenges in Energy Efficient Cellular Networks

There is a growing interest in improving the energy efficiency of communication networks to reduce operational expenditures, to maintain profitability and to make cellular networks greener. The revolution of green cellular networks has received significant attention from researchers, vendors, cellular service providers and governments, all of whom play important roles in the success of green networking technology. This paper aims to present a comprehensive overview on current green techniques for wireless networks, highlighting the energy savings that can be achieved by each technique, as well as the challenges faced by these techniques. Additionally, we present a summary of the essential research projects that have recently emerged for green mobile networks and display them as open research issues, thus providing researchers interested in pursuing this vision with the latest update.

Energy Efficient and High Capacity Tradeoff in Distributed Antenna System for a Green Cellular Network

Two main concerns for designing a wireless system are more network capacity and less energy consumption. Recently, distributed antenna system (DAS) has received considerable attention due to its potential to provide higher spectral efficiency (SE) and uniform coverage for cellular networks. In this regard, this paper compares the performance of DAS with centralized antenna system (CAS) in LTE-A system in terms of energy efficiency (EE), where practical restrictions such as out-of-cell interference, path loss, and small scale fading are taken into account. Furthermore, the EE and system power consumption are investigated under three different cell-load scenarios (high, moderate, and low load) where different numbers of antennas are activated and remaining of antennas are under sleep mode. Finally, based on the tradeoff between power-saving and EE, two optimal DAS antenna deployments are proposed for low and moderate cell-load scenarios. The results reveal that DAS considerably outperforms CAS in terms of EE and by optimal deploying antennas of DAS significant power-saving and EE are achievable. The proposed methodology achieved savings of up to 27.63% in terms of energy savings in a macrocell with guarantee of a high capacity of data.

Intelligent cooperation management of multi-radio access technology towards the green cellular networks for the twenty-twenty information society

An unprecedented increase in subscribers and demand for high-speed data are considered a critical step towards the new era of mobile wireless networks, i.e., Fifth Generation (5G), where the legacy mobile communication system will still be operational for a long time in the future. This has subsequently increased the overall energy consumption, operational costs and carbon footprint of cellular networks, due to increase the number of base stations (BSs), which consume the most energy. Switching BSs off/on in accordance with the traffic pattern variations is considered an effective method for improving energy efficiency. However, the main concerns from the network operators are the requirements to switched on/off the BSs, coverage issues and secured the radio service for the affected area. Hence, the main focus of this study is to develop an intelligent cooperation management (switch BSs on/off) within a multi-radio access technology (RAT) environment between a future generation 5G into the existing LTE and UMTS cellular network towards green cellular networks, while guaranteeing maximum cells coverage area during a switch off session. Particle swarm optimisation has been adopted in this study to maximize the cell coverage area under the constraints of the transmission power of the BS

Intelligent cooperation management among solar powered base stations towards a green cellular network in a country with an equatorial climate

(P_{tx})

Dynamic resource block for base station grouping in macro-diversity systems for LTE public safety networks

(Ptx), the total antenna gain (G), the bandwidth (BW), the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), and shadow fading