Mohanchur Sarkar

Cluster Head Selection Protocol using Fuzzy Logic for Wireless Sensor Networks

trends in field of wireless networks is setting up Wireless Sensor Networks that, senses specified parameter(s) related to environment; processes sensed data and wirelessly communicates it to a base station. Such networks open up a whole new range of applications, including precision agriculture, monitoring and tracking vehicles, animals and humans, battle-field surveillance, civil structural monitoring etc. All these applications require extended network lifetime, scalability, and traffic balancing among nodes in the network. Clustering is one of the effectual techniques for achieving these requirements. In clustering, geographically adjacent nodes are organized into virtual groups called clusters. One of the cluster node acts as a cluster head and rest as cluster members. This paper presents Cluster Head selection protocol using Fuzzy Logic (CHUFL). It uses nodes parameters like: residual energy, reachability from its neighborhood, quality of communication link with its neighborhood and distance from base station as fuzzy input variables for cluster head selection. A comparative analysis of CHUFL with cluster head selection mechanism using fuzzy logic by Indranil et. al.; Cluster Head Election mechanism using Fuzzy logic (CHEF) by Kim et. al. and cluster head selection method for wireless sensor networks based on fuzzy logic by J. Anno et. al. shows that CHUFL is up to 20 % more energy efficient and sends 72% more packets to base station compared to protocol by J. Anno et. al., one of the energy efficient clustering protocol.

FAMACROW: Fuzzy and ant colony optimization based combined mac, routing, and unequal clustering cross-layer protocol for wireless sensor networks

Abstract This paper presents Fuzzy and Ant Colony Optimization Based Combined MAC, Routing, and Unequal Clustering Cross-Layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (FAMACROW) consisting of several nodes that send sensed data to a Master Station. FAMACROW incorporates cluster head selection, clustering, and inter-cluster routing protocols. FAMACROW uses fuzzy logic with residual energy, number of neighboring nodes, and quality of communication link as input variables for cluster head selection. To avoid hot spots problem, FAMACROW uses an unequal clustering mechanism with clusters closer to MS having smaller sizes than those far from it. FAMACROW uses Ant Colony Optimization based technique for reliable and energy-efficient inter-cluster multi-hop routing from cluster heads to MS. The inter-cluster routing protocol decides relay node considering its: (i) distance from current cluster head and that from MS (for energy-efficient inter-cluster communication), (ii) residual energy (for energy distribution across the network), (iii) queue length (for congestion control), (iv) delivery likelihood (for reliable communication). A comparative analysis of FAMACROW with Unequal Cluster Based Routing [33] , Unequal Layered Clustering Approach [43] , Energy Aware Unequal Clustering using Fuzzy logic [37] and Improved Fuzzy Unequal Clustering [35] shows that FAMACROW is 41% more energy-efficient, has 75–88% more network lifetime and sends 82% more packets compared to Improved Fuzzy Unequal Clustering protocol.

Comparative analysis of wireless sensor network motes

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications range from simple data gathering to hard to imagine fields like Internet of Things. For all the applications the physical design space consists of sensors extended with storage, power supply, computation and communication capabilities, the so-called motes. These motes run the network protocol programs that most of the time sleep, and occasionally collect, process, store and communicate the data to Base Station (BS). The number of protocol proposals has increased but unfortunately the number of mote studies has not. This paper discusses the essential subsystems of motes, surveys and does a comparative analysis of well-known motes. The motes are selected based on a number of criteria including popularity, published results, interesting characteristics and features. The motes are analyzed using a number of different parameters and criteria, including processor used, lifetime, cost, software support, size, their strengths and weaknesses. Simulation of LEACH protocol using motes discussed in the paper is carried out and a comparative analysis of network lifetime, data transmitted and energy consumption of network is presented. The goal of work is to aid WSN application developers to select appropriate mote for their network or determine features that should be included on a custom built sensor node platform.

Delay Resistant Transport Protocol for Deep Space Communication

The throughput of conventional transport protocols suffers significant degradation with the increased Round Trip Time (RTT) typically seen in deep space communication. This paper proposes a Delay Resistant Transport Protocol (DR-TCP) for point-to-point communication in deep space exploration missions. The issues related to deep space communication protocol design and the areas where modifications are necessary are investigated, and a protocol is designed that can provide good throughput to the applications using a deep space link. The proposed protocol uses a cross layer based approach to find the allocated bandwidth and avoids initial bandwidth estimation. A novel timeout algorithm estimates the timeout duration with an objective to maximize throughput and avoid spurious timeout events. The protocol is evaluated through extensive simulations in ns2 considering high RTT values typically seen in Lunar and Mars Exploration Networks under different conditions of packet error rates. DR-TCP provides a significant increase in the throughput as compared to traditional transport protocols under the same conditions. A novel adaptive redundant retransmission algorithm is also presented to take care of the high PER in deep space links. The effect of the Retransmission Frequency has been critically analyzed considering both Lunar and Deep Space scenarios under different levels of PER. The results are very encouraging even in high error conditions. The protocol exhibits a RTT independent behavior in throughput, which is the most desirable quality of a protocol for deep space communication.

Refining TCP's RTT dependent mechanism by utilizing link retransmission delay measurement in Wireless LAN

Summary Network utilization by legacy transmission control protocol (TCP) is determined by its round trip time (RTT) dependent mechanism for the growth of its sending rate. The RTT does not always reflect the actual network conditions, especially in the case of wireless local area network (WLAN). Consequently, it influences the RTT-dependent mechanism falsely. This paper proposes a novel cross-layer scheme between TCP and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 medium access control (MAC) that compensates for any diminished growth of TCPs sending rate because of the inclusion of non-congestion delay component in RTT, if any. The proposed scheme has two refinements. The first refinement is at the MAC layer that notifies the additional propagation delay on account of link retransmission of a TCP packet. The second refinement is at the TCP layer in which the sender adapts the sending rate by relating the aforementioned additional propagation delay to the RTT estimation. To examine the benefits, the proposed scheme is evaluated after implementing it on top of representative TCP variants; Newreno and Westwood+ (TCPW). Simulation results showed that with the proposed scheme, network utilization by native TCP is improved by more than 35% in a dedicated WLAN environment, while the performance remained protected in a shared WLAN environment. Copyright

FUCP: Fuzzy based unequal clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks

This paper presents Fuzzy Based Unequal Clustering Protocol (FUCP) for wireless sensor networks. The cluster head selection mechanism uses fuzzy logic with three node descriptors namely, residual energy, centerness with respect to its neighbor, and quality of communication link with its neighbors for cluster head selection. To avoid hot spots and for uniform network traffic distribution, FUCR uses unequal clustering. For this, fuzzy logic is used with node distribution and distance from master station to decide number of cluster heads and cluster head advertisement radius in a given area. A comparative analysis of FUCR, Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed Clustering, Cluster Head Election mechanism using Fuzzy logic, and Distributed Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering shows that FUCP is up to 40% more energy efficient, has 31% more network lifetime, and sends 57% more packets to master station compared to Distributed Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering.

Fuzzy-Cross: A fuzzy based architecture for wireless sensor network

This paper introduces Fuzzy-Cross, a decision making and information-sharing architecture for wireless sensor networks (WSN)that enables the protocols to achieve energy efficiency, reliability,and low data latency. FUCRretains a layered structure with each layer matching to a communication function to provide a practical and simple design. The administrative plane provided by FUCR collects residual energy from physical layer, data delivery, and channel assessment records from data link layer, packet dispatch rate from network layer and sensitivity of sensing unit from application layer. The information collected is used as input descriptors for running fuzzy logic. Output of the fuzzy logic assists physical layer protocol to decide nodes transmit power; data link layer protocol to decide retransmission time out, back off time and duty cycle; network layer to determine chance of the node to become a relay node and application layer to determine chance of node to become a reporting node. To investigate the extent to which Fuzzy-Cross meets its goals, it is implemented on top of ZigBee standard. Simulation results demonstrated that Fuzzy-Cross with ZigBee outperforms both (i) ADaptive Access Parameters Tuning (ADAPT) with Zigbee and (ii) standard ZigBee without any modifcations. For a single hop network Fuzzy-Cross is up to 12% more energy efficient compared to ADAPT. Delivery ratio of Fuzzy-Cross is up to 12% more and data latency is up to 19% less compared to ADAPT. Similar trend is seen for multi-hop network and for a wide range of operating conditions.

Scale-Down Digital Video Broadcast Return Channel via Satellite (DVB-RCS) Hub

This paper discusses in-house designed and developed scale-down DVB-RCS hub intended to support the Satellite Based e-Learning initiative in India. The scale-down DVB-RCS HUB is implemented around a single PC with other subsystems making it very cost effective and unique of its kind. Due to the realization of this scale-down hub the total cost of realization of a Satellite based Education Network has drastically been reduced as very low cost commercially available Satellite Interactive Terminals (SITs) complying to open standard could be used at remote locations. The system is successfully tested to work with a commercial SIT using a GEO satellite EDUSAT which is especially dedicated for satellite based e-Learning.

Evaluation of RTT-Based Techniques for Network State Classification

RTT is the only parameter available with TCP sender for estimating network capacity. Accordingly, legacy TCP revises its sending rate for utilizing maximum of the network capacity, without overloading. Since in wireless network, RTT is weakly correlated to the congestion, any estimate using only the recent RTT sample may lead to performance penalty. This paper presents a simulation-based study of the two RTT-dependent mechanisms, targeting fair network state classification by taking RTT statistics into account. It is demonstrated that the performance of TCP scheme equipped with one technique can be improved further by tweaking using the other technique.

Simulation based analysis of RTT with PER, Buffer Size and Congestion Levels for Satellite based Networks

Trip Time values constitute one of the significant parameter available to a TCP sender for estimating the network conditions. The RTT has a significant effect on the throughput of a connection and creates the performance bottleneck for traditional AIMD TCP Protocol variants mainly when used for GEO satellite networks and other long fat networks. Many Transport Protocols like Vegas, Proactive TCP, and Westwood uses the RTT measurement for adjusting the congestion window and refining the Loss Detection Algorithms, which eventually determines the performance of the Protocol. RTT also appears in the empirical formulation of TCP throughput and protocols based on these empirical estimates. RTT is generally considered an independent parameter mainly dependent on the access delay, queuing delay, and the propagation delay of the concerned channel. In this paper, we have analyzed the dynamics of RTT behavior and shown how the congestion levels in the network, packet error rates and available buffer capacity affects the RTT measurements. The Mean RTT and the rate of change of RTT Mean values have been analyzed in different network conditions. These analysis have been carried out by simulation using ns2 considering a GEO Satellite network.