Mohd Shanudin Zakaria

Review on image enhancement methods of old manuscript with the damaged background

Quite often that old documents are suffering from background damage. Examples of background damages are varying contrast, ancient document age and the documents have degraded over time due to storage conditions and the quality of the written parchment. These have damaged background for example such as: have varying contrast, smudges, dirty, presence of seeping ink from the other side of the document, uneven background. In order to make them readable, image processing offers a selection of approaches. The aim of this paper is to provide comprehensive review methods to enhance old document images with damaging background. Three kinds of enhancement methods are: (a) Image enhancement methods using binarization method or thresholding method, (b) Image enhancement methods using binarization method or thresholding method and other methods, (c) Image enhancement methods using other methods only. As conclusion, the second method has becoming more popular and has a great potential to improve in future.

The empirical evaluation of B2B e-commerce stages in agro based industry

This paper seeks to contribute to the development of business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce readiness assessment model for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in agro-based industry, using the integrated framework of individual-organizational-environmental theory. The integrated perspectives of individual-organizational-environmental approach provide a holistic view of organization readiness in preparing themselves for B2B e-commerce. The assessment model developed involves several distinct stages that capture key elements of B2B ecommerce implementation readiness. Drawing on mixed methods approach of sequential exploratory design, the exploratory investigation through a small scale survey using questionnaire is used, where SMEs readiness and initiatives are assessed to provide an overall picture regarding the strengths and weakness of organization capabilities in implementing the B2B e-commerce technology. The findings and analysis gathered also provide a realistic and practical interpretation of the characteristics of SMEs under each readiness dimension.

B2B e-commerce readiness assessment indicators based on the critical success factors

The main aim of this paper is to generate understanding of the range of internal and external factors which impact the Business-to-business electronic commerce (B2B EC) development of the smaller firms in agro- based industry. Drawing on existing research on e- readiness models of information, communications and technology (ICT) specifically B2B EC technologies, this paper formulates a conceptual model of B2B EC assessment constructs together with the specific research approach towards the development of a more robust electronic readiness (e- readiness) model. The research presents a conceptual model that highlights the key indicators of the B2B EC implementation based on individual, organizational and environmental dimensions.

A study on image calibration technique for Autonomous Robot

Camera calibration and image processing is the most important factor in computer vision. Some of the techniques that are applied in the process of calibration are linier, technical and non technical linier with two stages. Calibration techniques can be implemented, for example in the Autonomous Robotic Soccer. The process of calibration is one of the key factors of success in robotic soccer game. Currently, the team succeeded in doing with the camera calibration is a good team who will be able to win the match.