Moiez A. Tapia

Calculus for a multivalued-logic algebraic system

The direct and inverse derivatives, differential, differential expression, compatible and exact integrals, etc., known for Booleab algebraic systems (where m, the number of levels, is 2) are generalized for a multivalued-logic (MVL) algebra where m >= 3. Ways of finding the derivatives are given, differential matrices and differential- expression matrices are defined, and a necessary and sufficient condition for compatible integrability of a given differential-expression matrix is given. Also, a method for finding distinct compatible integrals for an integrable differential expression matrix is given. Just like their Boolean counterparts, the MVL derivatives have applications in the analysis of faults in a multivated logic network, and the integration of MVL differential expression matrices has applications in the synthesis of MVL networks.

Minimum parameter solution of switching equations

A new procedure is presented for solving equations in the two-valued Boolean algebra. The method has the advantage of expressing a general solution using the minimum number of binary parameters. The method guarantees that the complete set of all particular solutions can be generated from this general solution by assigning each parameter a value of either 0 or 1. The technique is presented using Karnaugh maps, but could easily be implemented in software.<<ETX>>

Multivalued differential calculus and its application in fault analysis

Abstract New differential operators for logic functions in a multivalued algebra are introduced. Use of these operators in the analysis of stuck-at-p-type fault, 0 ≤ p ≤ (m − 1), in multivalued logic networks are presented. An algorithm for deriving a complete test set for detecting such faults is given. Some of the properties of these operators are described. It is shown that the boolean differential operators reported earlier are special cases of the operators introduced here.

Minimization of multivalued logic functions

Abstract Given a multivalued logic function of n variables where the function as well as the variables can assume one of the values from the set {0, 1,[tdot], (m − 1)}, a solution to the problem of minimal hardware realization for the function is presented. The method proposed aims at minimizing (a) the total number of MIN-literals, (b) the number of MIN-gates, and (c) the number of fundamental gates.

Classification of endoscopie images using support vector machines

This paper presents an application of support vector machines (SVMs) to mu I ti class problem in endoscopie image classification. Many studies have reported that SVMs have met with success in the texture classification problem. As an endoscopie image poses rich information expressed by texture features, we therefore investigate the potential of SVMs in this task. Strategy for multiclass problem based on an ensemble of binary classifiers is also implemented since the traditional SVMs algorithm deals with single label classification problems. The proposed scheme demonstrated an excellent classification result for multiclass problem in endoscopie image classification. We also show how a distortion correction helps further improve the results.

Symmetric multi-valued logic functions: characterization and synthesis

The characteristics of symmetric functions in a multi-valued logic algebra system are studied. A modular synthesis approach for realizing symmetric functions is proposed. The approach is particularly useful when the number of arguments of the function to be synthesized is large. The necessary and sufficient conditions for a function to be symmetric in the multi-valued logic algebra system are presented, and a way to test the symmetricality of a given function is also outlined.

Extending the C++ language for hard real-time systems

The design and development of a hard real-time application is often a difficult and time-consuming task. We present a description of the hard real-time C++ language (HRTC++) for real-time programming, which incorporates timing constraints consistent with the object-oriented concepts. The concepts of temporal abstract classes and virtual temporal constraints extend the inheritance mechanism of the C++ language to accommodate these real-time domain features. This significantly adapts the benefits of inheritance directly to real-time development, drawing from the contributions that inheritance renders to the reuse and consistency of software development.

A heuristic method for boolean function reduction

Abstract A heuristic approach amenable to computer programming for the quick reduction of a boolean function is presented. It uses parametric representation of cubes as well as the degree of adjacency of every bit of the minterms in a boolean function, the degree being dynamic during the process of minimization of the function.

A customized simulation system with computer integrated auto-evaluation function for upper endoscopy training

Competence in performing endoscopy requires a considerable amount of hands-on practice for a physician to master. In an effort to reduce the involvement of patients in the training process, simulation has become an important part of endoscopic training. This paper presents a low-cost training and evaluation system for upper endoscopy that serves as an additional or alternative tool, particularly for entry-level gastroenterology fellows. The protocol of making a customized mechanical training model that provides realistic visual appearances of the upper GI tract was created. The materials and methods used in the fabrication are outlined step-by-step in this report. A software application associated with the mechanical model was also developed to provide help for trainee during practice, evaluate the performance automatically upon completion of the training tasks, and record the performance and results in a database for review or further analysis by the trainee or instructor. Our software provides trainee with an interactive training experience. A survey obtained from sixteen gastroenterologists shows a promising feasibility of using the developed system. The developed low-cost upper endoscopy simulator can provide both training and evaluation functions with substantially low investment.

Generalized flip-flop input equations based on a four-valued Boolean algebra

A procedure is developed for obtaining generalized flip-flop input equations, and a concise method is presented for representing these equations. The procedure is based on solving a four-valued characteristic equation of the flip flop, and can encompass flip-flops that are too complex to approach intuitively. The technique is presented using Karnaugh maps, but could easily be implemented in software.