Molina Ja

Effects of dietary nucleotides on the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane lipids in term infants

Human milk contains relatively high amounts of acid-soluble nucleotides, mainly CMP, AMP, UMP, IMP, and UDP sugars, and lacks orotate. On the contrary, cows milk and adapted formulas contain high amounts of orotate and very low amounts of CMP and AMP. Nucleotides may be modulators of metabolic functions in gut and liver. To evaluate the possible role of dietary nucleotides in newborn fatty acid metabolism, we studied the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids in 58 term infants at 30 days of age. Twenty of them were fed human milk (HM), 19 an adapted formula (MF), and 19 with the same formula supplemented with nucleotides (NMF) in an amount similar to that present in HM. Relative content of omega 6 and 3 PUFA greater than 18 carbon atoms was significantly reduced especially in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine for infants fed regular MF compared with those fed HM or NMF. Unsaturation index of red blood cell phospholipids showed a similar effect. These results suggest that dietary nucleotides play a role in the in vivo desaturation and elongation of essential fatty acids to long chain PUFA during early life for the human newborn.

Special formulas in infant nutrition: a review

Special formulas should only be used by medical prescription and for those lactating infants with diagnosed nutritional problems. Lactose-free formulas or those based on soy are the logical choice when the exclusion of lactose from the diet is considered necessary. At present, there is no concensus on the appropriateness of soy formulas for the treatment and prevention of nutritional allergies and current opinion seems to favour hydrolyzed protein formulas. High-degree protein hydrolysate formulas are used to treat lactating infants with an allergy to cow milk proteins or with serious nutritional problems. These formulas are not without risk, as they may contain residual epitopes capable of provoking a severe allergic reaction. Before using these formulas, allergenicity tests should be performed, particularly for highly sensitive infants. The unpleasant taste and high cost of these formulas, in addition to possible nutritional problems, limit their use in the prevention of atopic disease, although their efficacy is well established. Partially protein hydrolysate formulas are only used for preventive purposes and are not suitable for lactating infants with a proven allergy to cow milk. Although these formulas can reduce the incidence or delay the appearance of certain atopic symptoms, they have not been shown to prevent IgE-mediated allergic reactions to cows milk and so their effectiveness is open to question.

Differences in the Serum Amino Acid Pattern of Injured and Infected Children Promoted by Two Parenteral Nutrition Solutions

The effects of two parenteral nutrition (PN) amino acid solutions (FreAmine II and F080) on the serum amino acid levels of 51 children, 27 affected by multiple trauma and 24 by bacterial sepsis, and aged from 1 month to 12 years, were studied. Serum amino acids were determined on day 1 immediately before administrating PN, and on day 5 during PN. Trauma patients on F080 exhibited higher levels of alanine, aspartate, asparagine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, total branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and total essential amino acids than those on FreAmine II; in contrast septic children showed similar levels of serum amino acids on both PN solutions. BCAA were lower in septics than in trauma patients, probably as a consequence of an increased utilization of these amino acids in sepsis because of the higher organ protein synthesis typical of this situation. The phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio was found elevated both in septic and trauma children, but it decreased after PN in the latter when using an enriched BCAA solution. Utilization of this solution, partly corrects the metabolic disturbances induced by stress, but the metabolical responses induced either by sepsis or trauma are partially different which may have important implications for patient care.

Bone mineralization status measured by dual energy radiographic densitometry in preterm infants fed commercial formulas.

We have studied the effect of two preterm commercial infant formulas with different calcium and phosphorus contents on the mineral balance and bone mineralization of 30 preterm infants at 1 month of age. Bone mineralization was measured by dual energy X-ray densitometry. The formula supplying a higher content of calcium and phosphorus promoted higher mineral retention (P<0.01) as well as higher bone mineral content (1.556 vs. 1.073 g, P<0.01) and bone mineral density (0.458 vs. 0.424 g/cm2, P<0.05), approaching values of the control group, which comprised a cohort of 15 preterm newborns whose gestational age was 4 weeks older than the subjects selected to be fed with the formulas. The intake of calcium correlated with retention (r=0.69); the phosphorus intake also correlated with phosphorus retention (r=0.95). Intakes of calcium and phosphorus correlated with the bone mineral content (r=0.65) and with bone mineral density (r=0.49). We conclude that formulas for preterm infants should not have a calcium content lower than 120 mg/100 kcal and should have a calcium/phosphorus ratio of about 2 to promote adequate bone mineralization.

Specific serum amino-acid profiles of trauma and septic children

Abstract Sepsis and trauma are states that lead to altered amino-acid metabolism. This study was designed to investigate whether trauma and sepsis induce specific changes in the serum amino-acid profiles of children. We studied the serum amino-acid levels in 15 septic and in 15 trauma children, aged from 1 month to 12 years at the time of admission to hospital. We also studied 15 healthy children paired by age. Sepsis and trauma induced similar changes in serum amino-acids. Only tyrosine, tryptophan, total amino-acids and total non-essential amino-acids were higher in trauma than in septic patients. In both groups, branched chain amino-acids, glutamine, glutamate, taurine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and ornithine were increased in relation to control values. Cystine and histidine were found in lower concentrations in injured and infected children when compared to the concentrations in the healthy group. Total amino-acids, total essential amino-acids, the phenylalanine to tyrosine ratio and the Whitehead index [20] were found to be increased in both sepsis and trauma. In conclusion, these two pathological situations induce comparable serum amino-acid profiles in children.

BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS AND PERINATAL NUTRITIVE STATE

A comparative study of plasma amino acids in the umbilical cord (aa)(totals and ratios: malnutrition indices) dnd clinical nutritive state by Rohrers ratio(Rr) between well nourished premature (GI) and undernourished neonates born at term (GII). Patiens groups:GI(n:30), GA:33.9(.3) (+/-SEM)wk, Wt:2084(.06)g and Rr:25.1(3.6)p;GII(n:14), GA:38.2(.3) wk, Wt:2328(.05)g, Rr:8.14(4.2)p. Blood sampling: .5 ml UVB was mixed with EDDA and centrifuged immediately. Sulfosalisylic acid was then used to separated proteins from plasma. The supernatant was either used immediately or stored at -20°C. Technical analysis: HPIECH and fluorimetric assay (Chromaspeck J 180). Statistical study: Students and Welchs tests, (aa) concentrations are expressed in micromol/dl. (versus:-;

Changes in the fatty acid profiles of plasma lipid fractions induced by dietary nucleotides in infants born at term.

:p .05).RESULTS.- GII-GI: S:460(28)-436(21); E:136(7)-145(7); NE:323(24)-291(18); NE/E:2.4 (.1)-2.0(.1); BCA:37(1.9)-46(2.4)

Apparent nitrogen balance and 3-methylhistidine urinary excretion in intravenously fed children with trauma and infection.

; ALA/THR:1.9(.1)-1.3(.1)

El factor de sostenibilidad en Europa y España

; GLY/VAL:2.2(.4)-1.2(.1)

El desempleo de los Trabajadores a Tiempo Parcial: A propósito de la STJUE de 9 de noviembre de 2017 y el Borrador de Reforma

; ALA/LEU:5.0(.5)-2.9(.1)