Mônica Maria de Almeida Brainer

Mixture of formic and propionic acid as additives in broiler feeds

The presence of Salmonella species in feeds and ingredients is an important source of salmonella contamination for animals. Organic acid mixtures have shown to be an effective alternative to eliminate salmonellas in feeds and chickens. In the present study, the performance of male broiler chickens receiving levels (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0%) of a mixture of organic acids (OAs) (70% formic acid and 30% propionic acid) in the diet was evaluated from the age one to 42 days, in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and five replications of 40 birds each. Diets were based on corn, soybean meal and soybean oil. Body weight, weight gain and feed intake from the age one to 21 days were affected by the treatments; 2% OAs in the diet reduced body weight and weight gain. Feed intake increased with concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5% and was reduced with 2% of OAs. From the age one to 42 days, only feed intake was affected, showing a quadratic effect, increasing at the levels of 0.25 and 0.5% and decreasing at 2% of OAs. The mixture of OAs at doses which are effective for the control of salmonella did not affect chicken performance, and the inclusion of 1% OAs in the diet resulted in a performance similar to that of untreated birds.

Cupric citrate as growth promoter for broiler chickens in different rearing stages

ABSTRACT: Feeding cupric citrate as alternative to cupric sulfate to broilers has been suggested in theliterature. Day-old male broiler chicks (1,200) were used in an experiment to evaluate the efficacy of cupriccitrate supplementation (75 mg Cu kg -1 ) during the 1-21, 22-42 or 1-42 d periods in comparison to anunsupplemented diet and a diet supplemented with cupric sulfate (200 mg Cu kg -1 , 1-42 d). A randomizedblock design was used, with five treatments, six replicates and 40 birds per pen. The diets, based on corn andsoybean meal, and water were offered ad libitum during the 42-day experimental period. Over the entireperiod, there was no effect of copper supplementation ( P > 0.05) on bird live weight, weight gain, feedintake, feed conversion and mortality. Cupric citrate supplementation on the 22-42 d period resulted in worsefeed conversion as compared to broilers receiving cupric sulfate (2.014 vs. 1.967, P < 0.05). Copper residuesin the litter were reduced when broilers were fed cupric citrate, as compared to cupric sulfate (

Altos níveis dietéticos de cobre no desempenho e no colesterol sérico e muscular de frangos de corte

ABSTRACT: High copper feeding, is used as a growth promoter of broiler chickens. Performance as well asserum and muscle cholesterol of 1200 broiler chickens (600 male and 600 female) which were fed dietssupplemented with 50, 100 or 150 mg copper kg -1 (as cupric citrate), or 200 mg copper kg (as cupric sulfatepentahydrate), or an unsupplemented control diet were determined in an experiment of 5 x 2 completerandomized blocks with 3 replicates (5 treatments and 2 sexes). The feeds, based on corn and soybean mealand adequate in all nutrients (12 mg copper kg -1 in the control diet), and water were supplied ad libitum duringthe 42 day experimental period. There were no effects (P>0.05) of treatments on weight gain (WG), feed intake(FI), feed/gain ratio (F/G) and mortality + culling (M+C) during 1 to 21 or 22 to 42 days; the averages were 0.778and 1.501 kg for WG, 1.181 and 3.087 kg for FI, 1.540 and 2.060 for F/G and 1.42 and 2.08% for M+C,respectively. At the end of the trial the liveweight (2.310 kg), the average daily gain (55 g), the productionindex (282.2), the serum cholesterol (129 mg dL

Relações Treonina: Lisina em Dietas Para Frangos de Corte na fase inicial

Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de determinar a exigencia de treonina e a relacao treonina: lisina (Tre:Lis) digestivel para frangos da linhagem Cobb. Sendo no primeiro experimento foram utilizadas 280 aves recebendo diferentes niveis de treonina na fase pre-inicial (1 a 7 dias), e na fase inicial (8 a 21 dias) passaram a receber racao unica ate o termino do experimento. No segundo experimento, foram utilizadas 280 aves, sendo fornecida na fase pre-inicial racao unica com o mesmo nivel de treonina, e no setimo dia de idade as aves passaram por processo de pesagem para inicio do periodo experimental na fase inicial (8 a 21 dias) recebendo racoes com diferentes niveis de treonina. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro niveis de treonina digestivel na fase pre-inicial e inicial, com os niveis de (0,852%, 0,952%, 1,052% e 1,152%) e (0,763%, 0, 863%, 0,963% e 1,063%), cinco repeticoes e 14 aves por parcela em cada experimento. No primeiro experimento, nao foi observado efeito (p>0,05) dos diferentes niveis de treonina digestivel sobre os resultados de peso final, consumo de racao, ganho de peso e conversao alimentar para frangos na fase de 1 a 7 dias de idade com diferentes niveis de treonina. Da mesma forma, no segundo experimento, nao foi observado efeito (p>0,05) dos diferentes niveis de treonina digestivel sobre os resultados de peso final, consumo de racao, ganho de peso e conversao alimentar para frangos na fase de 8 a 21 dias de idade com diferentes niveis de treonina. Recomenda – se para a fase pre - inicial o requerimento em treonina e lisina digestivel de 0,852% e 1,310% com relacao treonina: lisina de 65% e para a fase inicial o requerimento em treonina e lisina digestivel de 0,763% e 1,174% com relacao treonina: lisina de 65%.

Effects of enzyme supplementation on diets of medium-heavy laying hens at 28 to 40 weeks

The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the addition of an enzyme complex on performance (feed intake, egg production, egg weight and egg mass, feed conversion per egg mass, and feed conversion per dozen eggs), and on egg quality (% of shell, albumen and yolk, shell thickness, specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk index, and albumen index), in medium-heavy laying hens at 28 to 40 weeks of age. A total of 240 Hy-Line Brown laying hens were used in a randomised block design with 10 replications of six birds per lot and four treatments: positive control (basal feed), negative control (with a reduction in metabolisable energy, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus), negative control + enzymes, and positive control + enzymes. The enzyme complex, composed of β-glucanases, β-xylanase, cellulase and phytase, was added to the feed at a ratio of 50 g t-1. The data were submitted to analysis of variance with the mean values compared by Tukey’s test at 5%. There was no difference in feed intake or egg weight between treatments. However, the addition of the enzyme complex to the negative control diet gave results similar to the remaining performance variables when compared to the positive control group. For the external and internal quality of the eggs, there was no difference between treatments for the variables under evaluation, except for the albumin index. It was concluded that use of the enzyme complex in the diet of medium-heavy laying hens gives a reduction in nutritional density without compromising production performance or egg quality.

EFEITO DA ADIÇÃO DE GENGIBRE (Zingiber officinale) EM PÓ SOBRE ODESEMPENHO DE FRANGOS DE CORTE NA FASE INICIAL

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production performance of broilers with the addition of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in broiler diets in starter phases. Were used 630 broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with five treatments and seven repetitions with eighteen birds each. The treatments consist of a reference diet with corn and soybean meal and adding different levels of powdered ginger, five treatments, consisting of positive control, negative control and three levels of ginger (0.50%, 0.75%; 1.0%). Were evaluated at the end of each phase, feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, body weight, pancreatic weight and length and weight of the intestine. The data will be submitted to analysis of variance and means to regression analysis with 5% significance. No effects of the treatments on the performance variables were observed in the initial stage of creation. With this result, at twenty-one days old, we observed the potential for substitution of growth promoters for powdered ginger. The inclusion of up to 1% of powdered ginger did not affect bird performance providing results similar to positive control treatments with growth promoter.

IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS DOS RESÍDUOS DA SUINOCULTURA INDUSTRIAL EALTERNATIVAS DE TRATAMENTO

Modern swine has been notable for growth in the last decades, however, the intensification of pig farming has been causing great environmental problems, evidencing the pollution of natural resources such as air, soil and water. In regions with high concentration of farms, most animal waste is released to the soil and water courses without criteria or prior treatment, becoming an important source of environmental pollution. When waste is properly managed, it is no longer polluting and becomes a valuable source of fertilizer, as well as preserving and improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, avoiding the use of petroleum-based inputs that are highly energetic and expensive. In our country several methods are used for the handling and treatment of waste, each of which has its own particularities. This paper deals with the environmental impacts caused by the irrational disposal of industrial swine residues and presents the legal techniques of treatment of swine manure, aiming at its reuse with higher agronomic value.

Prediction of the metabolizable energy requirements of free-range laying hens

This experiment was conducted with the aim of estimating the ME requirements of free-range laying hens for maintenance, weight gain, and egg production. These experiments were performed to develop an energy requirement prediction equation by using the comparative slaughter technique and the total excreta collection method. Regression equations were used to relate the energy intake, the energy retained in the body and eggs, and the heat production of the hens. These relationships were used to determine the daily ME requirement for maintenance, the efficiency energy utilization above the requirements for maintenance, and the NE requirement for maintenance. The requirement for weight gain was estimated from the energy content of the carcass, and the diets efficiency energy utilization was determined from the weight gain, which was measured during weekly slaughter. The requirement for egg production was estimated by considering the energy content of the eggs and the efficiency of energy deposition in the eggs. The requirement and efficiency energy utilization for maintenance were 121.8 kcal ME/(kg∙d)and 0.68, respectively. Similarly, the NE requirement for maintenance was 82.4 kcal ME/(kg∙d), and the efficiency energy utilization above maintenance was 0.61. Because the carcass body weight and energy did not increase during the trial, the weight gain could not be estimated. The requirements for egg production requirement and efficiency energy utilization for egg production were 2.48 kcal/g and 0.61, respectively. The following energy prediction equation for free-range laying hens (without weight gain) was developed: ME /(hen ∙ d) = 121.8 × W + 2.48 × EM, in which W = body weight (kg) and EM = egg mass (g/[hen ∙ d]).

Crude protein requirements of free-range laying hens

The goal of this study was to estimate the crude protein (CP) requirement for the maintenance, weight gain and egg production of free-range hens, and produce a predictive protein requirement equation. A linear regression equation of the nitrogen that was retained in the body relative to the production of eggs as a function of different nitrogen intake levels (ad libitum, 80%, 60% and 40% of the original ad libitum intake) provided the nitrogen requirement for maintenance. This relationship was determined at the x-axis intercept, and the efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilisation was expressed by the regression coefficient. The CP requirement for weight gain was estimated as a function of the nitrogen content in the carcass, and the dietary nitrogen utilisation efficiency was found after each week’s slaughter. The CP requirement for egg production was determined by comparing egg protein concentrations with the efficiency of egg protein deposition. The requirements and efficiency of maintenance protein utilisation were 4.7 g CP/kg0.75.day and 56%, respectively. Because there were no changes in the live bodyweights and nitrogen contents of bird carcasses, the CP requirement and efficiency value for weight gain were not estimated. The protein requirement and utilisation efficiency for egg production were 0.18 g CP/g egg mass (EM) produced and 62%, respectively. From the requirements that were estimated in the present study, the following equation can be used to predict the protein requirements of free-range hens during the laying phase: CP = 4.7 × W0.75 + 0.18 × EM (g/bird.day).