Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa

Compostagem de resíduos sólidos de frigorífico

Composting has been a viable and efficient alternative treatment to agroindustrial waste. This experiment was installed with the objective of analyzing the process of composting for slaughterhouse waste. Twelve piles of composting were prepared, using slaughterhouse waste, wheat straw and wood sawdust. The process was evaluated by daily temperature monitoring, observations of the occurrence of undesirable parameters (bad smell and/or ammoniacal smell, grease formation and presence of grubs and flies), as well as the capacity of recycling nutrients. The undesirable parameters were observed, on average, for the first five days after pile building; the temperatures increased, reaching 70 oC; chemical composition of compost showed relevant contents of macro and micronutrients, a high recycling potential. Utilization of impermeable floor and roof are recommended during the composting. The turning frequency used (15 days after pile building followed by turning) was adequate. The best relation of weight was 7.2 kg of waste for each kg of straw and 16.6 kg of waste for each kg of sawdust.

Desempenho de quatro sistemas para compostagem de carcaça de aves

The aim of present study was to evaluate the performance of four poultry carcasses composting systems through daily temperature monitoring, in the absence and presence of Salmonella sp., total (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC) number and nutrients recycling. The evaluated systems were: Piles with aeration (1), Piles without aeration (2), Composters with aeration (3) and Composters without aeration (4). The process was carried out in two stages. The first stage was performed by arranging the carcasses with straw and water. In the second stage the compostage mass was transferred to a composting area where the material was revolved and wetted weekly until stabilization. The presence of Salmonella sp in the systems 2 and 4 at the end of the first stage was detected disappearing after the second one. In the compost a reduction in the number of TC and FC and of N and C contents as well as an increase in the rest of nutrients by the end of second stage was observed. It may be concluded that it is possible to perform the poultry carcass composting in anyone of the evaluated systems and is important to perform a second stage in the composting process to eliminate pathogens as well as to obtain a compost with better agronomic characteristics.

Produção de mudas de almeirão e cultivo no campo, em sistema agroecológico

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o desenvolvimento das mudas de almeirao em diferentes substratos orgânicos e verificar o comportamento em bandejas, apos o transplante no campo e na pos-colheita, constituindo tres experimentos. Foram avaliados o uso do substrato comercial e quatro misturas de proporcoes de composto, areia e po de basalto. Foram quatro fases de avaliacao: aos 13 e 26 dias apos a emergencia (DAE), aos 74 dias apos o transplante e na pos-colheita. Avaliaram-se o comprimento e a massa da materia seca de raiz e de parte aerea, numero de folhas por planta, diâmetro do coleto, area foliar e a conservacao pos-colheita. O composto orgânico e as misturas foram superiores ao substrato comercial, na maioria das caracteristicas avaliadas nos 13 e 26 DAE; entretanto, o substrato comercial superou os demais tratamentos para o comprimento de raiz. Os substratos orgânicos (T2 e T3) podem ser recomendados para a producao de mudas de almeirao com desenvolvimento satisfatorio em sistema de cultivo em bandejas e a campo e, de igual forma, em pos-colheita; o uso de composto orgânico como substrato para producao de mudas propiciou o desenvolvimento de mudas mais vigorosas e plantas mais resistentes no campo do que o substrato comercial.

Atributos físicos do solo e produtividade do milho sob sistemas de manejo e adubações

No-tillage system is an efficient technique in control of soil erosion, when compared with conventional tillage, however, some studies indicate higher compaction under no-tillage, mainly in the surface layer. Strategies that increase the organic matter content, as crop rotation and organic fertilization, can be used to solve the soil compaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil managements (crop succession and crop rotation) and fertilization (organic, mineral and organic-mineral) in the physical properties of the soil, under no-tillage system, from 2006 to 2008. The evaluations were carried out in February 2007, after the summer corn harvest, and in September 2008, after the winter corn harvest. Crop rotation decreased the soil density and soil resistance to penetration and increased the macroporosity and total porosity. The use of organic sources of fertilization did not affect any of the physical attributes of soil. The yield of summer corn was highest in succession crop and mineral fertilization, however, in the winter, there was no difference between the soil managements and among the fertilizations.

Performance of four stabilization bioprocesses of beef cattle feedlot manure

The biological stabilization of beef cattle manure is crucial for promoting sanitation in feedlot pens. This study compared the performance of composting, vermicomposting, static windrows, and anaerobic digestion for stabilization of beef cattle feedlot manure based on the degradation of organic matter, nutrient retention, and stability of the final product in each process using uni- and multivariate analysis. The cluster analysis showed that composting and vermicomposting were the most similar processes. The principal component analysis showed that the more oxidative processes (composting and vermicomposting) degraded beef cattle feedlot manure more effectively (up to 45%) than static windrows and anaerobic digestion. Stabilization processes did not affect the amount of phosphorus, whereas potassium losses ranged from 3% (anaerobic digestion) to 30% (static windrow) and differed significantly across processes. Electrical conductivity decreased only in static windrow (30%). A decrease in the C/N ratio were observed in all processes, but the reduction was smaller in static windrow (5%). Larger reductions in C/N ratio were associated with greater increases in the humic to fulvic acid ratio. Composting and vermicomposting processes more effectively degraded beef cattle manure and produced stable organic fertilizers. Anaerobic digestion more effectively retained macronutrients (N and K) and converted organic N to ammonium. The use of static windrows is the least effective bioprocess for the stabilization of beef cattle feedlot manure.

Comparison of five agro-industrial waste-based composts as growing media for lettuce: Effect on yield, phenolic compounds and vitamin C.

Overall phenolic content in plants is on average higher in organic farming, including when renewable resources such as composts are used as soil amendments. In most cases, however, the composting process needs to be optimized to reach the desired outcome. Using composts obtained from chestnut, red and white grapes, olive and broccoli wastes, the relative antioxidative abilities of lettuces cultivated in greenhouse were examined. Results clearly coupled high phenolic levels with high yield in lettuce grown on the chestnut-based compost. A huge accumulation of phenolics was observed with the white grape-based compost, but this coincided with low yield. Three compounds were identified as discriminating factors between treated samples, namely quercetin 3-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-O-(6″-malonyl)-β-d-glucoside; these are also some of the compounds receiving health claims on lettuce consumption. On a negative note, all composts led to decreased vitamin C levels. Collectively, the data suggest that compost amendments can help add value to lettuce by increasing its antioxidant activity as compared to other organic resources.

Avaliação de substratos para a produção de mudas de tomate e pepino

The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of tomato and cucumber seedlings to different compositions of organic substrates formulated with compost of poultry slaughterhouse wastes, tree pruning residue, and sand. Experiments were performed in 200-cell trays in a randomized block design. The treatments for tomato seedlings were: T0 (Plantmax® HT); T1 (compost); T2 (compost + sand, proportion 3:1 weight); T3 (compost + sand, proportion 1:1 weight) e T4 (compost + sand, proportion 1:3 weight); and for cucumber seedlings were: T0 (Plantmax® HA) and the same composition of organic substrates used for tomato seedlings. Seedling emergence (EP), root length (CR), dry mass of the root (MSR), and shoot (MSPA) were evaluated. Substrates T0 and T4 provided a faster EP for tomato seedlings, thus increasing the CR. However, values of CR in these substrates did not differ from those in T2 and T3 on the 20th day after seedling emergence (DAE). There was increase in the MSPA of tomato seedlings from T4 comparing with those from T0 and T3. The MSR of the tomato seedlings from T2, T3 and T4 were higher than those from T0 e T1.The MSPA of cucumber of plants from T3 and T4 showed a higher accumulation of dry mass comparing with those from T0 e T1. The, treatments with compost had MSR higher than T0, especially T3 e T4. Therefore, the substrates T3 and T4 are recommended for cucumber seedlings and T4 for tomato seedlings.

Nutrição e produtividade da cultura do milho em sistemas de culturas e fontes de adubação

The use of animal wastes in agriculture coupled with the growing of cover crops can provide sustainability to the agricultural system. Aiming to evaluate the effect of two systems of crops and sources of fertilizer on the corn crop, was conducted an experiment on Oxisol in the municipality of Marechal Candido Rondon (PR). The experimental design used was of randomized block with four replications and treatments in factorial scheme 2 x 3, consisting of two culture systems (succession wheat/corn and oat+vetch+turnip/corn) and three nutrient sources (mineral, organic and organic mineral). In June 2006, was deployed to the wheat crop and intercropping of cover crops. In October 2006 was sowed corn on the two systems. The fertilizations organic and organic mineral consisted of application of pig manure alone and combined with mineral fertilizer, respectively. The consortium of oats, hairy vetch, wild radish has shown itself capable of providing good amount of biomass, showing its viability for the production of plant cover the soil during winter. Corn grown in rotation with wheat yielded the highest uptake of N and K and higher yield. Mineral fertilization gave higher N uptake and corn yield compared with the organic fertilizer and organic-mineral fertilizer based on pig manure

Perda de nutrientes na compostagem de resíduos agroindustriais

The management of composting may influence the characteristics of the produced compounds. The experiment used three frequencies of plowing, combined with the conditions: with and without coverage of the composting patio, with and without the use of commercial inoculant, resulting in 12 furrows, installed on the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering (NEEA), of the STATE UNIVERSITY OF WEST PARANA (UNIOESTE), Campus of Cascavel city - state of Parana (PR), in Brazil. The waste and quantities used in kg were: corn cob (7.5); hatchery residue (5); floater sludge (31); ash (1); wheat cleaning residue (120); wheat pre-cleaning residue (120); corn peel (7.5); solid fraction of wash trucks used to transport chickens (2); solid fraction of pig manure (1) and coal (5), totaling 300kg of natural matter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of plowings, patio coverage and inoculation in losses of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe. The furrows plowed three times a week in the first month showed significant higher losses of N (p<0.05). The coverage of the composting patio influenced significantly the losses of N, K, Mg and Na (p<0.05). The produced compounds had a high agronomic value in relation to macro and micronutrients. It is recommended the use of patio coverage and plowing twice a week in the first month and once a week in the subsequent months for a compound with higher concentrations of nutrients.

Produção agroecológica de mudas e desenvolvimento a campo de couve-chinesa

The research was carried out in two stages: the production of seedlings of chinese cabbage in trays with subsequent transplantation for the field, aiming to evaluate the performance of different substrates on the culture development. For this reason it was determined, both at the stage of formation of the seedlings, as in adult plants the length of the aerial part, number of leaves, root length, dry mass of the aerial part, root dry mass and diameter of the root collar. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment with the following treatments: T0 Plantmax substrate® (HA); T1: 100% compound; T2: 95% compost + 2.5% sand + 2.5% rock powder; T3: 90% compost + 3% sand + 7% powdered rock and T4: 85% compost + 6% sand + 9% rock powder. In the production of seedlings, the organic substrates formulated with 100% and 85% compound, had better results, the 15 and 28, respectively. The results of field have shown that the addition of rock powder is a determinant factor in the performance of seedlings, with the best results in the plots cultivated with seedlings obtained in the substrates formulated with 7 and 9% of basalt powder.