Montague Ullman

Telepathy and dreams: a controlled experiment with electroencephalogram-electro-oculogram monitoring.

A study was designed to investigate telepathic effects in dreams. A single S, who had previously been successful in a similar study at another laboratory, spent 8 nights at the Maimonides Dream Laboratory. On each night, a target (art print) was randomly selected by a staff member (agent) after S was in bed. The agent spent the night in a distant room, attempting to influence S‘s dreams telepathically, once the monitoring experimenters signaled that a dream period had begun. At the end of each dream period (detected by electroencephalogram-electrooculogram monitoring), S was awakened by the experimenters and the dream report was elicited and tape-recorded. Only the agent was aware of the target content and he remained in his room throughout the night. Blind evaluations of target-dream correspondences by both S and an outside judge produced statistically significant results supporting the telepathy hypothesis.

Telepathic perception in the dream state: confirmatory study using EEG-EOG monitoring techniques.

S, selected on the basis of his successful performance in a previous telepathy-dream study, spent 8 nights in a laboratory; his sleep was monitored by EEG-EOG techniques. As E observed the onset of a REM period, he signalled (by buzzer) an acoustically isolated psychologist to awaken and concentrate on a randomly selected target (art print), the content of which was unknown to S or E. At the termination of each REM period, E awakened S, eliciting a dream report. These reports, and Ss associations to them, were tape-recorded and subsequently transcribed. The hypothesis stated that there would be a discernible correspondence between the target used on any given night and Ss dreams on that night. Upon completion of the eight nights, three judges (working independently and blind) rated each of the 8 targets against each of the 8 dream transcripts, using a 100-point scale to indicate degree of correspondence between each target-transcript pair. A Latin-square analysis of variance procedure compared the mean ratings of the 8 critical pairs with the mean ratings of the 56 non-critical pairs. An F of 6.43 (7/28 df) was obtained (p < 0 001), confirming the telepathy hypothesis and replicating a previous telepathy-dream study.